Organic reaction
2016-04-30 18:50:58 0 举报AI智能生成
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有机反应是化学领域中一类重要的化学反应，主要涉及碳和氢元素及其化合物。这些反应通常在有水或氧气的环境下进行，产生新的有机分子。有机反应的类型多种多样，包括加成反应、消除反应、取代反应等。其中加成反应是指两个或多个分子结合成一个较大的分子，而消除反应则是相反的过程，一个大分子分解成两个或多个小分子。取代反应涉及到一个原子或基团替换另一个原子或基团的位置。有机反应在生活中具有广泛的应用，例如合成药物、塑料、染料等。了解有机反应的原理和机制对于化学研究和应用具有重要意义。
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Organic reaction
Nitrile
Formation
nucleophilic substitution with cyanide
Reaction
reduction
by NaBH4 or LiAlH4\u00A0
form amine
Hydrolysis
reflux in dilute aqueous HCl
form carboxylic acid
nitrile + H2O +HCl --- carboxylic acid + NH4Cl
heat under reflux
Ester
esterification\u00A0
with base eg: NaOH/ KOH
form sodium ethanoate +water
complete reaction
with dilute acid
form carboxylic acid + alcohol
equilibrium reaction
Halogenoalkane
electrophilic addition from alkene
free radical substitution from alkane
nucleophilic substitution
With CN-
KCN or NaCN in ethanol
form nitriles
With NH3
NH3 in excess ethanol
pressure
form amines
With NaOH
with aqueous NaOH
form alcohol
elimination
NaOH/ KOH in ethanol
form alkenes
Alkane
from alkene
Electrophilic addition
Ni
140 degree C
reagent: hydrogen
Cracking
Thermal cracking
high temperature\u00A0700-1200k
Child Topic
high pressure 7000kPa
Catalytic cracking
Catalyst: Zeolite\u00A0
high temperature
Free radical substitution
UV light and FeCl3 catalyst
\u00A0with halogens
forming halogenoalkane
Alkene
With H2
Form alkane
With steam
Form alcohol
With halogens
Form Halogenoalkane
room temperature
With hydrogen halides
Form halogenoalkane
Maokovnikov's rule
concentrated aqueous HX
Addition polymerization
temperature of 200 degree
2000atm
catalyst: Ziegler-Natta
Oxidation
form diol
decolorize the solution
form various products
cracking of larger molecules
Alcohol
electrophilic addition of steam
nucleophilic substitution of NaOH
Reduction of ketone or aldehyde
with Na
form hydrogen gas and sodium ethoxide
white solid formed
test for it
colorless phenolphthalein indicator changes into pink
lighted splint is gone
with halides/ substitution reaction
with PCl5
C2H5OH + PCl5 → C2H5Cl + HCl + POCl3
test for hydroxyl group
white fume
with PCl3
3C2H5OH + PI3 \u00A0→ 3C2H5I + H3PO3
with SOCl2
C2H5OH + SOCl2 → C2H5Cl + HCl + SO2
no need to distill
form 2 gaseous byproducts\u00A0
with HCl
alcohol+HCl==Halogenoalkane + water
with carboxylic acid/ Esterfication
concentrated H2SO4 as catalyst
form ester
oxidation
with acidified K2Cr2O7
primary/ secondary
from orange to green
with acidified KMnO4
primary/ secondary\u00A0
decolorized\u00A0
Dehydration
form alkene
by concentrated H2SO4/ H3PO4 at 450k
or by Al2O3 and heat
CH3CO-
Secondary alcohol only
with I2 and NaOH
Carboxylic acid
oxidation of alkene/ primary alcohol/ aldehyde
with K2Cr2O7/ KMnO4 both acidified
hydrolysis
nitriles with dilute HCl
with metal
2CH3COOH + Mg →(CH3COO)2Mg + H2
with carbonate
\u00A02CH3COOH + K2CO3 → 2CH3COOK + H2O + CO2
with base
\u00A0CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Reduction
by NaBH4 or LiAlH4
form aldehyde
form primary alcohol
Aldehyde
reduction of carboxylic acid
oxidation of primary alcohol
nucleophilic addition
with HCN/NaCN/KCN
form 2-hydroxy nitriles
KCN/ NaCN with dilute H2SO4 as catalyst
or HCN with CN- ( NaCN) as catalyst
by NaBH4 in aqueous alkaline solution
or by LiAlH4 in dry ether
Tests
Tollen's reagent
Silver mirror
Ag +carboxylic acid formed
Fehling's reagent
brick red solution
Cu2O + carboxylic acid formed
orange solid formed
Ketone
oxidation of secondary alcohol
with HCN/NaCN/KCN\u00A0
form secondary alcohol
With I2 and NaOH
Test
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