Chapter 19: Ecosystem

Ecosystem

Ecology

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Tips

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community (Biotic factor) + environment they interact with (Abiotic factor)

Biosphere

Global ecosystem

Population

Size

Desity

Mark and Recapture

Dispersion

Clumped

Uniform

Random

No Repulsion/Attraction

Population Growth

Biotic potential

Age (Reproduction begin)

Life span (reproduing)

Number of reproduction periods

Offspring per reproduction

Growth rate partten

J

Petri dish

Exponential Growth/Unrestrained

S

Lap

Exponential Growth

Deceleration

Stable

Carrying capacity

K

Oscillate (振荡)

Crash

Limited Factors

Density-dependent/independent

Reproductive strategy

K (K)/r-strategist

Community

Competition

-/-

Same niche（生态位）: cannot coexist

Avoid

Resource Partitioning（分隔）

Character Displacement

Predation

+/-

Passive Defence

Aposematic coloration

Poison

Batesian mimicry

No poison

Mullerian mimicry

+/+ 模仿与被模仿着均不得使用，捕食者食用一种便两个都不会惹 （对捕食者与猎物都好）

Mutualism

+/+

Symbiosis

Commensalism

+/ (N/A)

Parasitism

Food Chain

producer (Greatest biomass): Diatom (Oceans)/green plant/Phytoplankton (aquatic)

Two system: trophic level/Producer+primary consumer

No Decomposer

Fungi/bacteria: Decomposer

Net Primary Productivity = Gross Primary Productivity - energy wasted

Biological Magnification

Ecological Succession

Primary ecological succession: NO Soil

Secondary succession: soil left

Finally: Climax community

Biomes

Marine

Largest: 3/4 of the Earth

Most stable

Tropical rainforest

Greatest diversity

20% net carbon fixation (food)

Epiphytes

Desert

Most extreme temperaature fluctuation

Temperate grassland

Temperate Deciduous Forest or Boreal Forest

Vertical stratification

Conifer forest-Taiga

The largest terrestrial biome

Tundra

Permafrost (冻土苔原)

Chemical cycles

The water cycle

The carbon cycle

The nitrogen cycle

Human's influences

Eutrophication of the lakes

Accumulate

Oxygen level

Detritivores （食腐）

Acid rain

Toxin

Global warming

Green house effect

Depleting the ozone layer

Chlorofluorocarons (氟利昂)

Introduction of new species

The \"Killer Honeybee\"

The Zebra Mussel

Pesticide-->biological control