On Coordinated Control of OLTC and Reactive Power Compensation for Voltage Regulation in Distribution Systems With Wind Power

On Coordinated Control of OLTC and Reactive Power Compensation for Voltage Regulation in Distribution Systems With Wind Power

Introduction

Background: Voltage rise problem caused by the integration of DG

Not cost effective

Aim: maintain the voltage within a given deadband

Only use OLTC

1. Voltage set point changes according to measurements obintained from critical locations

Identification of the critical points is hard

2. Assumation of the availability of voltage measurements from every node

The availability of voltage measurements is rare in exiting systems

Solutions

SE based on real-time measurement along with pseudo-measurement isused to determine the voltage level and to control the target voltage of AVC relays

load estimation based on customer class curves with measurement data at the substation and from remote DG are used to determine the maximum and minimum voltage in the network.

3. separate local measurements on feeders with load only and on feedersthat contains generation are made

Power output from DG is estimated and used to determine the voltage setting required to mitigate voltage rise at DG terminal based on measurement data and load sharing knowledge

Voltage setting required to mitigate undervoltage in the system is determined based on the load measurement in the feeder

Only use RPC

1. PI controller with the use of deadband

Make sure the PI controller works only when the voltage is above the max or below the min voltage level

2. PI controller with power factor tracking method & Fuzzy logic

3. Aim: eliminate the voltage rise introduced due to active power injection from the wind turbine

keep the voltage at various points at the same level

increase the power loss in the system

4. Droop based control method

Fuzzy logic based location adaptive droop method to coordinate RPC from multiple DG for voltage mitigation

RPC using droop control function to mitigate voltage rise in multiple PV installations

Local voltage measurements are used to ensure the proper operation of the droop based compensator

Coordination of OLTC & RPC

Contribution of this paper

A new control strategy for the voltage rise mitigation by using RPC from wind turbine and OLTC of the substation transformer

A stragety that changes the voltage deadband instead of the voltage set point of the AVC relay of the tap changing transformer

Coordination of reactive power from multiple wind turbines for voltage regulation

Coordination of the voltage regulation from OLTC & RPC using a higher voltage deadband in the case of OLTC than RPC

The control of OLTC

Background

Problem

1. Voltage depends on the level of load & wind power in the system which cannot be known beforehand

2. Voltage information data are not available in the frequency that is required for voltage control

Solution

The applicability of using few real-time measurements together with pseudo-measurement to determine the voltage level in the network using SE & provide acceptable level of voltage regulation quality

A. The state estimation algorithm

Basic principle of SE: minimize the weighted error between measured values and calculated values

STEP 1: develop measurement functions that relate voltage angle & magnitude with measurement data available at each point

STEP 2: develop the Jacobin of the measurement function using (3) and the measurement covariance as given in (4)

STEP 3: set all bus voltage magnitudes equal to 1 p.u. except buses that measurements are available and bus voltage angles to 0. Using (2) to calculate next estimates of state vector

STEP 4: cycle repeats until the objective function J(x) is below a given threshold or the state vector change is below a certain small positive value

B. The control algorithm

1. The calculation of output signal of the voltage level analyzer block

2. Change the voltage deadband instead of voltage set point of the AVC relay

Advantage of this replacement: the calculation of the voltage set point is not straight forward

Normal operation: the voltage deadband is changed to ± 5%;AVC relay sends the Tap-up or Tap-down signal to the OLTC when the voltage obtained from the voltage level analyzer block is outside the given deadband for a given time delay

Communication-failure operation: the deadband can be changed to the default value;The voltage set point can be changed to the voltage level at the secondary side of the transformer at the moment of communication failure or convergence problem.

Voltage regulation with reactive power compensation (RPC)

A. The control algorithm

Basic idea: RPC consumes reactive power when the voltage at wind turbine terminal is above the allowed level and injects reactive power when the voltage is below the min level.

The control logic for wind turbines regulating local voltage by RPC

The calculation of reactive power reference is shown in Fig. 3

The switching logic of Switch RPC on/off is shown in Fig.4. The switch of RPC can avoid unnecessary use of reactive power

The control logic for wind turbines regulating remote voltage by RPC

The introduction of

The modification of the measured voltage input of control loop to incorporate the voltage control of a remote wind turbine

This approach minimizes the amount of reactive power used to mitigate an overvoltage as it ensures that the remote wind turbine reactive power is only used when the local reactive power is fully utilized

B. Design of the PI controller

The cordination of voltage regulation through the SE based OLTC control & RPC

Summary

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In the cases with & without data from wind turbines

if the voltage measurements from the terminals of the wind turbines are available in the SE process

if the voltage measurements from the terminals of the wind turbines are not available in the SE process

Case study system

A. Network and data descriptipon

B. Simulation set up

C. The results of analysis with the proposed control strategies

1. Voltage regulation using OLTC of the substation transformer

2. Voltage regulation using reactive power compensation from the wind turbines

3. Voltage regulation with both OLTC and reactive power compensation

Conclusion

1. The SE-based OLTC voltage control with relaxeddeadband shows a good voltage regulating capability and itsimplementation is much simpler than adjusting the set pointof the OLTC

2. Reactive power from a wind turbine can beused to mitigate an overvoltage that occurs locally as wellas at the terminal of any remote wind turbine on the samefeeder when the remote wind turbine has a limited reactivepower capability to mitigate overvoltage at its terminal