语法总结
2018-12-05 13:50:21 9 举报AI智能生成
根据恶魔奶爸《20个小时学会英语语法》和赖世雄《赖世雄经典语法》整合而来的思维导图，学完两个课程后对语法有了较为全面的理解，也纠正了以前对语法的不少误区。分享给大家，希望对大家也有所帮助
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语法总结
语态
主动语态
被动语态
只有及物动词才有被动语态（不及物动词没有被动语态）
所谓被动语态，其实是一种特殊的主系表句型：过去分词做表语
与中文的“把字句”和“被字句”不一样。
某些中文可以做主语，但是英文却不可以。
及物动词面可以加宾语
I eat meat.(主动)
主谓宾结构
The meat is eaten by me.（被动）
主系表结构
不及物动词后面不可以加宾语，没有被动语态
I appear.(主动，没有被动语态)
主动语态变成被动语态的方式
1.be 动词（根据16 种时态变化，与原句时态一致） +过去分词，原句的宾语做主语，而原句的主语，在被动语态中省略，或者前面加上介词 by 做状语。
被动语态的时态变化
一般态
一般现在时
The piano is kept in the living-room.
一般过去时
The piano was bought by my grandfather many years ago.
一般将来时
The Olympic Games will be held in our country in four years' time.
被动语态中出现情态动词时，用法同will
The work must be finished in one way or another.
进行态
be 动词+being+过去分词，be 动词时态和原句保持一致。
现在进行时
It is being repaired by Tom.
过去进行时
I was being tested for a driving licence for the third time.
将来进行时
He will be being examined when we get there.
主动语态：Somebody will be examming him when we get there.
完成态
have/has/had been +动词过去分词
现在完成时
The buildings have been designed by Tom.
过去完成时
I had been asked to drive in heavy traffic and had done so successfully.
将来完成时
Your character will have been completed by the time your life comes to an end.
*完成进行态很少用于被动语态，故不细讲
最好使用被动语态的情况
为了突出受动者（主动语态中的宾语）
A liar is not believed when he tells the truth.
施动者（主动语态中的主语）不明确或不必指明时
非谓语动词
不定式
不定式分词短语的构成和功能
名词从句的化简：做主语，及物动词的宾语，表语，宾语补语
做主语
To make large sums of money is my dream.
和动名词一样，不定式短语做主语是，一律作为第三人称单数。但如果and连接两个不定式做主语是，视为复数。
To become a great scientist is his ultimate(终极的) goal.
做及物动词的宾语
只能用不定式做宾语的动词（绝对不能做介词的宾语）
attempt企图，choose选择，decide决定，expect期望，hope希望 intend打算，manage设法，offer/volunteer主动提议，plan计划，want要，wish希望，endeavor努力(表示“企图”或者“意愿”)
Debbie is only eleven years old and she hopes to set up a new world record. (相当于……that she can set up a new world record.)
和名词从句不同，不定式短语还可以和动词make构成宾补句型，用于表示“使某种事情变得怎样”
make +it+(to be)+名词或形容词（补语）+不定式（宾语）
I made it my business to know all about them.
有些及物动词，既可以用动名词也可以用不定式做宾语，但含义不同，要注意区分。 （一般动名词表示已经做过的事情，不定式表示打算去做的事情）
Stop doing 停止做某事；Stop to do 停下来做某事 remember doing 记得做过某事，remember to do 记住要去做某事 forget doing 忘记做过某事，forget to do 忘记去做某事
作表语（名词性）
My hope is to become a scientist like Einstein.
做宾语补语或被动语态的主语补语
She wanted him to repair their son's bicycle.
做同位语
My plan to visit the town was refused. =My plan that I will visit the town was refused.
疑问词+不定式 构成名词短语，用法和名词相同
I was just wondering how to spend the morning. =I was just wondering how I would spend the morning.
状语从句的化简：做状语
做目的状语
Fifteen Policemen had to push very hard to get him off the main street.
做结果状语(不定式表示意料之外的结果，而分词表示意料之中的结果)
Farm laborers said that they always woke up to find the work had been done overnight.（意料之外）
定语从句的化简：做定语
关系代词作主语引导的定语从句化简（修饰的名词被绝对性形容词修饰的时候）
I have no friend to advise me. =I have no friend who can advise me.
关系代词做宾语引导的定语从句化简（通常表示“有某事要做”）
I have a letter to write.
关系副词引导的定语从句化简（此时不定式短语必须是不及物动词，或者及物动词+宾语）
The time to go is July.（不及物动词go） =The time when we should go is July.
It is time to draw a conclusion.(及物动词draw+宾语conclusion)
不定式的逻辑主语
当不定式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的时候，通用for+名词+不定式
He expects for his sister to meet you.
想要表达“对于……来说做某事是怎样的”，通常用It is +adj. +for sb. to do sth.这种不定式带上逻辑主语的结构。
It is necessary for him to study English every day.
在It is+形容词+for sb.to do sth.句型中，表示人物性格的形容词（聪明，善良，初心，愚蠢……）和不定式连用时，要用of代替for
It's wise of you not to argue with our boss.
不定式短语的时态和语态的变化
分支主题
不定式的完成态，表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前
Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.(完成态，主动语态)
This building was said to have been built form their own designs.(完成态，被动语态)
常见固定搭配
claim to do 宣称…… be said to do 据说…… be supposed/thought/expected to do 应该…… seem/appear 似乎……
A pilot noticed a balloon which seemed to be making for a Royal Air Force Station nearby.
分词
充当成分
形容词
表主动/被动的概念
修饰人（Ved，过去分词）
He was excited when he heard the news.
修饰物（Ving，现在分词）
The competition is quite exciting.
表进行/完成的概念
正在......的 （现在分词）
Do you see that speeding car?
即将......的 （现在分词）
The retiring teacher walked into the classroom.
已经......的 （过去分词）
表语
be动词或连系动词之后的表语
The baby is tiring.
及物动词之后的宾语补语
宾补若为及物动词，后面无宾语用过去分词表被动
I found him killed.
后面有宾语用现在分词表正在进行
I saw him kissing marry.
宾补若为不及物动词，用现在分词表正在进行
I found him trembling.
with复合结构中的宾语补语
He came here with a gun in one hand.=He came here gun in hand.
He talked to me with a pipe in his mouth.=He talked to me pipe in mouth.
名词
凡可作形容词用的分词，前面若有定冠词the，可当作单数/复数的名词使用
The wounded were rushed to the hospital. =Wounded people were rushed to the hospital.（复数）
The unexpected has happened. =Something (which) we didn't expect has happened.（单数）
副词
少数的现在分词有副词very的意味，可修饰其后的形容词。
It's freezing/biting cold today.The tea is boiling hot.He was hopping mad on hearing his dismissal.
也有少数过去分词作副词用
An estimated 54 people were killed in the air crash.=It is estimated that 54 people were killed in the air crash.
句子的简化
时态（动词）的变化
若两个动词所代表的动作同时发生时，第二个动词一定要变成现在分词，若该动词是be动词，变成现在分词being之后要省略。
He came home crying.
He sat in the corner reading a newspaper.
He came home (being) tired.
He left young and came back old.
若两个动词所代表的动作并非同时发生，而是有先后次序时，第二个动词就要变成‘to+原形动词’形成的不定式短语
He came here to see me.
He stood up to smoke a cigarette.
若两动词有逗号相隔，而无连接时，就不必考虑动词所代表的动作先后发生的次序，第二个动词一定要变成现在分词
并列句的化简
两句在一起，若无连接词相连时，往往第一个句子要化简，变成分词短语。法则如下：a.两句的主语相同时，被化简的句子的主语要删除，若主语不同时要保留；b.之后的动词要变成现在分词；c.若该动词为be动词时，变成现在分词being之后，可予以省略，但亦可不予省略，以强调‘因为...’的意思。
变成否定分词结构时，not要置于分词前。
主语不同时，所形成的分词结构，称为分词的独立主格结构。所谓分词的独立主格结构，就是独立修饰不同主语的分词结构。
有时，亦可消灭第二个句子，变成分词结构。
定语从句的化简
The man who is talking to Mary over there is my father.↓The man talking to Mary over there is my father.
Who is the boy that is locked behind the door?↓Who is the boy locked behind the door?
状语从句的化简
a.两句的主语相同时，被化简的句子的主语要删除，若主语不同时要保留； b.之后的动词要变成现在分词； c.若该动词为be动词时，变成现在分词being之后，可予以省略，但亦可不予省略，以强调‘因为...’的意思。
表身体组织的名词可变成过去分词当形容词用
I love the big-eyed girl.
Do you see the red-haired girl there?
The one-legged soldier was a hero.
少数现在分词可当介词用
including/excluding
considering
regarding/concerning
He wrote an article regarding/concering/about/on environmental pollution.
独立分词短语
Strictly speaking严格说来，Frankly speaking老实说，Generally speaking通常来说
与使役动词有关分词短语
I start the ball rolling.
The news set my heart throbbing.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
I couldn't make myself understood.
I had my shoes repaired.
He got a new suit made.
You should leave it unsaid.
I like my eggs half boiled.
I had my watch stolen.
动名词
具有名词的性质在句中可作
主语
仍有动词的意味，若该动词原为及物动词，之后仍须加宾语，动名词短语之后必接单数动词。Helping others gives me great pleasure.
动名词短语作主语时，亦可被形式主语it代替，而将该动名词短语移至句尾，改成不定式短语。It gives me great pleasure to help others.
唯在It is no use的结构中，真正主语仍应为动名词。It is no use crying over spilt milk.=It is of no use to cry over spilt milk.=There is no use in crying over spilt milk.
表示一种经验或已知的事。
My favorite sport is skating.
动名词OR现在分词？
A is B=B is A 语意顺畅为动名词
宾语
动词的宾语
a.anticipate V-ing期望......
I anticipate cooperating with him.=I expect to cooperate with him.
b.stop V-ing 停止从事......
He stopped/quit/ceased writing when he saw me.=He cased to write when he saw me.
c.allow允许、permit准许、forbid禁止
He allowed/permitted me to smoke.He allowed/permitted smoking.He forbate me to smoke.He forbate smoking.
过去的已发生的
I remember seeing her before.(having seen her before.)I forgot mailing that letter.(having mailed that letter.)I regret doing it.(having done it .)
将来的未发生的
I'll remember to see him tomorrow.
e.I like/dilike/love/hate to do it.=...doing it. I continued/began/started to do it.=....doing it.
介词的宾语
None would have dreamed of there being such a place.
worth prep.值得
置于be动词之后，可接动名词或名词作其宾语。
The issue is worth paying attention to.The car is worth a fortune.
worthy adj.值得的(~of)
be worthy of +名词
The issue is worthy of everyone's attention.
worthwhile adj.值得的
置于名词前，亦可置于It is 之后。
That's a worthwhile book to read.=It is worthwhile to read that book.=It pays to read that book.
所有格与动名词的关系
that引导的名词性从句作主语时，可化为动名词短语，仍作主语
That he teaches well is something that pleases me.=His teaching well is something that pleases me.
I believe that he works hard.
I hope that he may join us.
I don't like that he smokes here.
→I don't like his smoking here.
that从句亦不可直接作介词的宾语
，可改用‘所有格+动名词’短语。
I am curious about that he stays up late every night.
I am curious about his staying up late every night.
但若that从句中的主语是物时，就不用所有格，而直接将主语作宾语，之后接现在分词。
与名词连用，形成复合名词
a sleeping car火车中的卧车厢a writing pad便条纸a walking stick手杖a sewing machine缝纫机a dining room饭厅a starting point起点a laughing stock笑柄a visiting card名片drinking water饮用水
区分‘动名词+名词’与‘现在分词+名词’
若为‘动名词+名词’，则后者有前者的功能，即动名词有‘用来......’之意A walking stick手杖-用来走路的棍子
若为‘现在分词+名词’，则后者有前者的性质，即现在分词有‘正在......’或‘会......’之意。A sleeping baby睡觉中的婴儿-正在睡觉的婴儿a walking dictionary活字典-会走路的字典
有些可作可数的普通名词用。
A knocking at the door was heard.
He has a good understanding of the problem.
Don't forget to take your belongings（恒用复数：东西） with you.
动名词习惯用语
there is no Ving（不可能）
There is no reasoning with such a stubborn man.=It is impossible to reason with such a stubborn man.
It is no use Ving（......是无用的）
It is no use trying to escape.=It is of no use to try to escape.
cannot help/resist/refrain from/stop +V-ing（忍不住......）
He couldn't help crying when he saw her.=He couldn't but cry when he saw her.
on Ving （一......就......）
特殊句式
比较结构
比较句就是： 原级比较：as +(副词)+形容词或副词的原级…as（连词）… 比较级比较：形容词或副词的比较级…than（连词）…
原级比较
He is as handsome as John.
Mary is more beautiful than Jane.(都是is，可省略)
I love her more than you do.
倒装句和强调句
否定倒装句
倒装的方法其实就是：把否定副词后面的句子，变成一般疑问句语序： 1）句中有be 动词或者助动词的时候，将其与主语倒装 2）句中只有一般动词的时候，根据人称和时态在主语前面加上do/does/did
否定性副词：never、hardly/scarcely、rarely/seldom、little/none、nowhere
Never is he happy. =He is never happy.
Hardly is he ever quiet. =He is hardly ever quiet.
By no means are you the person we need. =You are by no means the person we need.
In no way am I responsible for what has happened. =I am in no way responsible for what has happened.
not 倒装
not until/only+副词性质的短语或从句 直到…才/只有……
Not until John arrived did I leave. =I did not leave until John arrived.
Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it. =It is possible to disregard it only in a sparsely-populated rural community.
并列句里的not only…but(also /…as well)(不仅…而已…)句型，在连接两个完整的句子时，要使用倒装。（注意：第二个句子不倒装，但also要省略）
so/such 倒装
He is so helpful that we all like him. =So helpful is he that we all like him.
nor/and neither 倒装句
nor 和neither 都表示“也不”，但nor是连词，而neither是副词，所以前面通常有连词and。（美式英语中有时也可省略）
注意
nor 作为副词，还可以单独使用，表示\"并非\"
Nor is the city without its moments of beauty.
副词倒装句
表示地点、方向、次序的副词放在句首，主语是名词，谓语是系动词或者不及物动词的时候，必须倒装（主语是代词不到装）
On the desk is a book.(完全倒装)
On the hill I saw Lulu.(不倒装)
There you have it and that's the news for today.(不倒装)
条件状语从句和虚拟语气
条件状语从句
真实条件状语从句
条件状语从句最常用的连接副词
if
表示客观事实，主句用一般现在时或现在进行时，从句用一般现在时。（可记忆为“主现从现“）
表示将来可能发生的情况，主句一般将来时，从句要用一般将来时，此时主句的will表示肯定或很有可能发生的情况。（真实的情况，而且主句用的是一般将来时，表示这是推测）（可记忆为“主将从现”）
unless（除非……）
All dream are of no value unless they are followed by action.
only if（只有…才）与if only（只要…就）
He can continue to support himself and his family only if he produces a surplus.
Only if I get a job will I have enough money to go go school.(Only if 放句首，主句要倒装)
The Almighty（造物主） has given men arms long enough to reach the stars if only they would put them out.
注意：only if 前面可以加上but.
虚拟语气
虚拟语气的常规构成表
现在虚拟
注意：现在虚拟be 动词的过去式用were
现实虚拟中的“现在”，不一定是发生在现在的事情，也有可能是“常态”，也就是对客观事实的虚拟。比如“如果太阳从西边出来，中国队就能打败巴西队”
将来虚拟
注：现在虚拟be动词的过去式用were
过去虚拟
条件状语从句转化为分词短语
虚拟语气的特殊用法
与客观真理相反的强烈虚拟语气，从句用were to +动词原形，主句用过去将来时（would 可改为should，might，could）
主观意志动词“建议”，“要求”，“命令”3大类之后的宾语从句，要使用助动词should（可省略）
1.建议：suggest，advise，propose 2.要求：demand，require，request，insist 3.命令：order，command
He suggested that a double railway tunnel (should) be built.
should(ought to) have+过去分词，表示与过去事实相反的推测，译为“早应，本应该……”
He should have known that the police would never allow this sort thing.
Whether 引导的让步状语从句，可用虚拟语气
wish 后面的宾语从句，必须用虚拟语气
I wish he were here.(现在虚拟，用一般过去时)
I wish I had kept faithful to my childhood dreams.（过去虚拟，用过去完成时）
I wish you would keep on trying to improve your English.（将来虚拟，用过去将来时）
if only 用于虚拟，表示“要是…该多好啊！”（时态变化同wish）
If only he were here.
as if/as though 用于虚拟，表示“就像…一样”（时态变化同wish）
He acted as if he had never lived in England before.
would rather/would sooner 用于虚拟，表示“宁可……”
现在和将来虚拟，均用一般过去时
I would rather you had more health than wealth.（现在虚拟）
I would rather my father kept his mind and body active after retires in three years.(将来虚拟)
过去虚拟，用过去完成时
lest/in case/for fear 的虚拟，表示“以防……”，谓语均要使用should（可省略）+动词原形
Weigh well your words lest they(should) be swords.
What if…？ 如果…会怎么样？
What if he doesn't agree?
介词省略句型
后接名词
I am terribly sorry about that.
后接动名词短语
She is tired of doing her homework.（is tired of）
John has been aware of having done something wrong.(has been aware of)
后面接名词从句
只有whether 从句和疑问词从句，才能直接作介词的宾语
I am worried about whether he can do it.
I'm curious about how he'll cope with the problem.
介词后如果要用that 从句，那么此时要省略介词 about/of
I am worried about that he plays around all day.
I am worried that he plays around all day.
此时还可用 介词+the fact+that 从句，此时that从句为同位语从句。或者，将that 从句化简为动名词短语。
I am sure of that the team has won the game.
I am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.
I am sure of the team's winning the game.
后接不定式
不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语
I was excited to receive a letter from my girlfriend in Australia.
有5个特殊的形容词（easy/difficult/hard/possible/impossible，也可以使用类似结构，表示：做某事容易/很难/可能/不可能）。但这个时候，其后的不定式，形式是主动的，但是意思是被动的。
He is easy to please.
He is difficult to fool.
The book is hard to understand.
This book is hard to be understood.
*答疑
疑问：为什么背了无数的单词，却不能正常口头表达和造句？
不会语法，不能把掌握的词汇变成能够让人理解的句子。
解决办法
学习如何用英文造句
英文表达意思的最小单元，一般来说不是单词，而是短语和词组。
句子里的每一个单词都知道它的含义，但是连在一起却不知道它的意思。
学习方法
通过背诵例句，记住语法
像首相一样学习英语
中文语法和英文语法不同
中文几乎没有语法，注重词汇的使用；英语有严谨的语法
学习英语时，尽可能忘掉中文的语法，全盘接受英语语法
句子成分有哪些，有什么作用？
主谓宾，定状补
思路：字母 - 单词 - 短语 - 句子（从小到大）
拼读
发音和单词拼写有一定的对应关系
句法
句子=主语（S）+动词（V）
代词
动名词（V-ing）
Working with him is a lot of fun.
不定式短语（To V）
To study abroad with John who is one of my best friends is my plan. =It is my plan to study abroad with one of my friends named John. （头重脚轻就用虚代词 It）
名词性从句（戴慧怡）
1.That 从句
任何一个主语起首的句子前面冠以that，即成that从句
It is true that he loves me very much. =That he loves me very much is true.
2.Whether 从句
（1）问句有be动词时
（2）问句有一般助动词（can/will/may/should/ought to/must/have）时
（3）问句有do/does/did等助动词时
3.疑问词所引导的从句
（2）问句有一般助动词时
Who/What/Which做疑问代词，如果在问句中做主语，变成名词从句时，结构不变
例子
Where he will go remains to be seen. What he is going to do is still a mystery.
名词短语
1.疑问副词（eg:Where to live）
2.疑问代词（eg:What to do）
why无法形成名词短语。
表距离的地点副词短语
From Shanghai to Beijing is about 1000 kilometers.
动词
完全不及物（c.vi.）
释义
不需加宾语，意思就很完整的动词（可接副词或副词对等语）
形态
主语+不及物动词
She danced.
主语+be动词+不及物动词的现在分词
She was dancing.
不完全不及物（i.vi.）
这类动词意思不完整，因此无法单独存在，之后再接名词、形容词，或名词对等语，补充起意思（补充含义的词称为“表语”）
He looks happy.
分为6类
be动词
后接3大类（11种）表语
名词成分
she is a beautiful girl.
名词性从句
作名词用的动名词短语
作名词用的不定式短语
形容词成分
She is beautiful.
作形容词用的现在分词
作形容词用的过去分词
作形容词用的介词短语
of+抽象名词
地方副词
地方副词短语
become
接名词或形容词类
He became handsome. (n.)
She became charming. (adj.)
turn
通常只用形容词作表语（颜色或情绪有关的形容词）
It turned red.
The leaves are turning yellow.
get
通常用表‘生气’或‘激动’的形容词作表语。
He got angry.
seem
似乎，之后接不定式短语作表语
在seem to be+名词/形容词结构中，to be可省略，直接用名词或形容词作表语
感官动词，只有5个
look看起来
You looks funny.
sound听起来
His idea sounds good.
smell闻起来
The food smells good.
taste尝起来
It tastes spicy.
feel感觉起来，感到
It feels cold.
完全及物（c.vt.）
加了宾语后，意思才完整的动词
主语+及物动词+宾语
主语+be动词+及物动词的现在分词+宾语
主语+be动词+过去分词
主语+be动词+being+过去分词
他的宾语
he didn't buy that car.
I hate him
I want to see him now.
I hope to study abroad someday.
He considered studying abroad.
I once imagined going on a date with him.
I just can't fancy getting along with them.
He risked doing it.
I avoided seeing him again.
He escaped being killed in the accident.
They suggested putting off the game.
He recommended traveling abroad.
I enjoy dancing.
I resent having to do so much work.
I practiced playing the piano.
He stopped/quit smoking.
Would you mind opening the window for me?
that从句
whether从句
疑问词从句
I know how to handle the problem.
I don't know whom to talk to.
不完全及物（i.vt.）
加了宾语后，意思并不完全，需要加补语。如he made mary happy.
分类
a.使役动词
1）叫……
make/have+宾语+原型动词（作补语）
I made him wash the car.
I have him wash the car.
I bade him wash the car.
get sb to V
I got him to wash the car.
2）让……
let +宾语+原形动词（作补语）
let +宾语+作副词用的介词（in out down)
3）使……成为
主语+make+宾语+形容词/名词（作补语）
*make/have/let/get，这4个词中，只有make 可以用于被动语态。
The made me repeat the story. =I was made to repeat the story.
4）强迫/要求/怂恿/催促…… 此类动词+宾语+不定式短语（作补语）
force、ask、encourage、compel、tell、 push、seduce、entice、expect、want
The postman wanted me to sign for a letter.
He made this task be finished. = He made this task finished.
b.知觉动词
看：see，observe，watch，look at，notice
听：hear，listen to
I heard he singing when I got home last night.
感觉：feel
c.任命动词
d.认定动词
consider/deem/think/find/believe “视…为”
1）与介词连用
We regard/look upon/think of /see/view him as a genius.
2）与to be 连用
e.转变动词
change/turn +into + 名词（补语）
The experience turned/changed him into a good student.
f.其它重要的
They set him free.
I painted the door green.
The sight struck him dumb.
The baby cried itself to sleep.
授与（d.v.）
常用授予动词
give，send，tell，teach，pay，show，offer， provide，supply，furnish，present
He provided /supplied/furnished me with all I needed.
间接宾语与直接宾语倒置原则
表给予，要用to
I gave him the book. =I gave the book to him.
表代劳，要用for
I made him a chair. =I made a chair for him.
表“从……中”，（ask）要用of
I asked him a question. =I asked a question of him .
与of 连用的授予动词
rob : He robbed me of my money.
deprive：The court deprived him of all his civil rights.
relieve：The captain relieved the platoon leader of his command
rid：I cannot get rid of the painful memory.
break：You should break yourself of the bad habit of smoking.
cure：The doctor cured him of his disease.
句子成分
1.主语
定义
主语是句子所要说明的人或事物。
组成
一般由名词，代词，不定式或者相当于名词的词或者短语来充当。（通常位于句首）
The desk is old.这张课桌久了（名词做主语）
He is a doctor.（代词做主语）
The secret of success is to star from scratch and keep on scratching.（名词短语做主语）
2.谓语
谓语是用来说明主语“干什么”或者“怎么样”的。
动词。谓语或者谓语部分里面的主要词必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数的方面应该保持一致，且谓语应在主语后面。
I play basketball in the morning.（实义动词做谓语）
We can speak French.（情态动词和实义动词做谓语）
3.宾语
表示及物动词（Vt）的动作对象或内容。
复合宾语：句型中“宾语+宾语补足语”的形式，统称为“复合宾语”。
He asked me for a help.（动词后面只跟一个宾语不能把聚义表达清楚，必须再接并与补语意思才完整）
一般由名词，代词，不定式或相当于名词的词或者短语来充当。（通常位于动词之后或用于介词后构成介词短语）
I want to eat two hamburgers now.（不定式做宾语）
She likes skipping.（动名词做宾语）
4.定语
定语用于修饰名词或代词。
通常由名词、形容词、数词、分词、不定式、介词短语或定语从句都可以用来做定语。（定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语）
The boy pupil(学生；未成年人) is in Class Three.（名词做定语）
The girl in red is my sister.（介词短语做定语）
位置
有些放在名词前面，有些放在名词后面，通常为“前小后大”
1个单词组成的定语（限定词，形容词，名词及所有格），放在所修饰名词的前面
2个以上单词组成的定语（of属格，形容词短语，介词短语，分词短语，不定式短语等），放在所修饰词后面。
5.状语
状语表示动作、行为发生时的时间、原因、地点、方式、目的或程度等。用来描述一个动作的细节特征的成分。
状语也可以修饰除了名词之外的任何词（如动词，形容词，介词，连词，还可以修饰副词本身）
什么词成分能够做状语？
副词以及相当于副词的词性成分
小状语
小状语（单独的副词），放在其所修饰的词语之前：修饰动词时，放在动词之前。修饰其他成分，（形容词，介词，连词，副词）时，放在其他成分之前。
eg:now，certainly
如有需要，小状语可以放在句中任何位置
大状语
大状语（2个及以上单词构成的状语，如介词短语，不定式短语，状语从句），放在整个句子的两头。放在开头时，一般要加上逗号。
句中同时出现几个时间或者地点状语时，从小到大
句子后面有多种状语时，顺序是方式-地点-时间
He put his milk bottles carefully on the doorstep every morning.
I can jump high.（副词做状语）
6.补语
不完全及物动词后面加了名词，意思依然不完整，需要增加句子成分，补充说明宾语的内容，含义才完整。补语用于对句子中的某些成分——主语，表语，宾语等进行补充说明。
补语的形式由动词的类别决定（担任补足语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、分词。动词不定式、介词短语）。
Tom was made monitor.（主语补足语）
I made Tom monitor.（宾语补足语）
I am sure to succeed.（表语补足语）
7.表语
表语是用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质或状态的词。因为某些谓语动词没有实际的意义（是，使），必须接一个句子成分，表达主语的具体情况。
1：过去分词
使役动词+宾语+过去分词（补语）
Now a group of students will have the plane restored.
234：名词、形容词、地点副词
使役动词+宾语+名词、形容词或地点副词（做补语，其原因是前面省略了不定式be 或to be）
His teacher made him a good student.（名词作宾补）
The trip made him happy.（形容词做比宾补）
He let me in.（地点副词做宾补）
Get him out of here.(介词短语，相当于地点副词)
*同位语
句子中指代同一事物的两个词、短语或从句，称同位关系。
英语里的同位语，不属于单独的7大句子成分，而是和英语里的名词成分（主语，宾语，表语）是并列关系，相当于对该名词的进一步解释说明。
名词或任何相当于名词的成分，均可作为同位语。
*一般情况
通常情况下，主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词做状语放在句子后面。
（定语）主语（状语）谓语（定语）宾语（状语）
（The tall）boy（often）go（to the big）zoo（on Sunday）.
(The happy) child went （to his）home （yesterday）.
句子分类
1.按结构分类
（1）简单句
主语 + 不及物动词（S + Vi.）
Student read.
*衍生句型
主语 + 不及物动词 + 状语（S + Vi. + Adv）
The operation progressed smoothy.
There/Here + 不及物动词 + 主语（There/Here + Vi. +S）
There stands a tree.
Here comes the man.
+动词不定式（S + to + Vi. ）
We walked to work.
主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语（S + Vt. +O）
I like swimming.
主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语（S + Vt. + I.O + D.O）
He lent me some money.
主语 + 系动词 + 表语
The silk feels good.
主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语（S + Vt. + O + O.C）
We elected him monitor.
（2）并列句
连接符号
破折号（—）
强调，补充意思不足
He is trash—He is good for nothing.
He is a good student——He studys hard every day.
连接同位语
She finally made her purpose known to us —to chase Susan.
冒号（：）
用以强调前面句中的名词
He has made [his goal] known:he wants to be a scientist.
分号（；）
作用
当多个逗号连接的对等语中某个中间有插入语时，用分号来分隔对等语，以使句意更清晰
举例
连词
并列连词
单一连接词and，or，but
作用：连接对等的单词，短语或句子
He and I enjoy singing;（He，I；主语）
共性：both...and...either...or...;neither...nor...not...but...;
通常不用来连接句子
and——both…and…
or——either…or… ——neither…nor…
but——not…but… ——not only…but also…
not only...but also...
可用来连接句子，其中not only连接的句子要倒装
as well as&rather than
as well as&rather than连接主语时，该句动词始终要随第一个主语变化
副词连词
副词连接词只能连接从句
常用的副词连接词
状语从句
前缀副词连接词的从句，必与主句共存，可视为副词，修饰主句。
条件句
若用来表示将来的状况，条件从句用一般现在时（或现在完成时），主句则用一般将来时
If/Once/As soon as/Unless/When+一般现在时（完成时）动词，主语+will+原型动词
连接性副词
thus后通常不加逗号只置于主语前。
therefore亦可置于句中，两旁加逗号。
He is nice; Thus I like him.
通常只置于主语前，而不插入句中
besides多用于否定或消极，in addition 反之。
while
表“当。。。”时为副词连接词
表“而。。。”时为并列连接词
其它重要的
as（当；虽然；因为）
虽然=though
where(=in the place where+in the place in which)(在。。。的地方)
once（一旦）
or（否则）
=You must work hard;otherwise I'll fire you.
nor（也不）
用来连接两个否定句，后面要倒装
so that（这样的话；以便）
I got up early so that I could get to school on time.
=I got up early in order that I could get to school on time.
so...that...（如此。。。以至于。。。）
He is so nice that we all like him .
in that （因为）
He is great in that he speaks five different languages.
except that（只可惜，只不过是）
He is nice except he is a little shy.
since（因为；自从）
自从，He has been studying quite hard (ever)since he went to college.
关系词
关系代词
关系代词引导定语从句
非限制性定语从句
子主题
关系代词前有逗号
who/which + be+n.结构时
可化为先行词的同位语
限制性定语从句
先行词为一般名词，本身不具特殊性，用定语从句加以限制。
关系代词前无逗号
I like the book which he bought yesterday.
可化简为分词短语
关系代词在其中作主语时才可简化
a.删除该关系代词
The girl who danced here yesterday is my sister.
→The girl dancing here yesterday is my sister.
b.之后的动词变成现在分词
c.若动词为be动词，可省略
Who is that boy that is stanging over there?
→Who is that boy standing over there?
定语从句可化为不定式短语
须该关系代词之前有介词
He has no house in which he can live.
→He has no house to live in.
种类及功能
代替人who 主格whom 宾格代替事物which
which
用以代替整个句子，之前一定要有逗号
代表前句中的部分概念
that
This is the knife which/that he killed Mary with.代替which
只能使用that 的情况
序数词后
Gambling is the last thing which I would do.
Gambling is the last thing that I would do.
最后级之后
\"the very + 名词\"后
She is the very lady that I met yesterday.
\"the only + 名词\"后
all之后
All (that) he said is true.
句中出现相同两个关系代词时，第二个用that
关系代词在be动词后作表语表示某人身份时
两名词性质不一却共用一个关系代词时
Look at the boy and the dog
that are coming this way.
避免关系代词与疑问词重复时取代
使用原则
a.之前要有先行词；
b.关系代词在所引导的定语从句中要作主语、宾语或表语；
c.否则关系代词之前一定要有介词。
He is a man for whom I enjoy working.=He is a man for whom I enjoy working.=He is a man whom I enjoy working for.
省略原则
限制性定语从句中，若关系代词为及物动词的宾语
This is the boy whom I saw yesterday.
＝This is the boy I saw yesterday.
若关系代词为介词的宾语，介词移至从句的末尾时
This is the house in which he lives.
=This is the house he lives in.
关系代词所有格
功能
人称代词所有格变化而来，引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词。
之前要有先行词
关系名所有格之后的名词要作定语从句中的主语或宾语
否则之前一定要有介词
whose代替物时
\"whose+n.\"
=\"the + n.+of which\"
=\"of which + the + n.\"
关系副词
种类
用以修饰表地方的名词
表大地方时介词用in
This is the city in which /where I met Suge.
表建筑物用at
表内部用in
I bought a cabinet in which /where I could store books.
表外在用on
Do you see the desk on which /where there is a book?
用以修饰表时间的名词
why(=for which)
用以修饰the reason
I don't know the reason for which /why he cried.
how(=in which)
the way 与how不能并存
That's how/the way he handled the problem.
使用要点
关系指示代词
和关系代词一样，which + n. 可代表先行词或前面句中的部分概念，在从句中作主语或宾语。
复合关系代词
代替人
whoever=anybody who
主句anybody should be punished.
=Anybody who makes such a mistake should be punished.=Whoever makes such a mistake should be punished.
从句who makes such a mistake
在主句或从句中，anybody/who至少有一个作主语
whomever=anybody whom
主句Give it to anybody.
=Give it to anybody whom you like.=Give it to whomever you like.
从句whom you like.
在主句与从句中，whom&anybody whom都得作宾语才行
代替人或物
whichever=any one which/who
whichever是指同一类的任何东西
whichever=either which/who
代替物
what=the thing(s) which
所。。。的东西：What he said is true.
造句原则
前面不可有先行词（名词）
What bothers me is that I have no time.
将what视为the thing/things which;
which在所引导的定语从句中可作主语、宾语或在be动词后作表语。
whatever=anything which
指不同类的任何东西:“所。。。的任何东西”Whatever he said is true.
注：whatever及whoever亦可作副词连接词=No matter what/No matter who此时他所引导的状语从句与主句中间有逗号，而作复合关系词时则没有逗号。
复合关系副词
however
译“然而”-连接性副词
译“无论如何”副词连接词
=no matter how
所引导的状语从句中，主语之后若含有“be动词+形容词”时
whether
引导名词性从句Whether he is rich(or not) doesn't matter.（无逗号相隔）
准关系代词
than
可视为关系代词在引导的从句中作主语、宾语或be动词后的表语。
I have more money than is needed.
I have more money than he needs.
be动词后表语
He is a better student than you are.=He is a better student than you.
as
可视为关系代词在引导的从句中作主语、宾语或be动词后的表语。as作关系代词时，只用于旁边短语中
such+n.+as...
主语I don't like such a man as tells lies.
宾语I respect such an honest man as you described.
be动词后的表语Such a lazy student as John (is)will get nowhere.
the same+n.+as...
主语I have the same book as is laid on the desk.
宾语I have the same dictionary as you bought yesterday.
be动词后的表语I have the same dictionary as this one(is).
as+adj.+n.+as...
主语He is as diligent a man as ever lived.
宾语I have as good a dictinary as you(do).
be动词后的表语He is as good a man as John(is).
特别说明
\"such+n.\"之后绝不可用like（像）加以修饰。
Such a man like him is bad.
Such a man as he (is) is bad.
比较
\"the same...as...\"和。。。相同的。。。（两个人或物）I have the same book as he is reading.
\"the same...that...\"就是同一个。。。（一个人或物）I borrowed the same book that he borrowed last week.
as可代替主句等于which
which引导的从句只能置于主句之后，as前后都行。
特殊例子
His conditions are as follows.=His conditions are as what follows.；He listed the names as follows.
这些短语中若置名词只能置单数可数名词
so...that...（如此...以致...）
This is so good music that I love it.（music不可数）
This is such good music that I love it.
as...as...（和…一样…）
This is as good music as that.（music不可数）
This music is as good as that.
too...to...（太...而不能...）
They are too difficult problems to handle.
These problems are too difficult to handle.
how...（多么地...）
How good music it is!
What good music it is!
I have as much money as he (does).
but
作准关系代词时，只用于“no+名词”之后，此时but=who(whom\\which)...not。句型：There is no +名词+who/whom/which/(that)...not=There is no+名词+but...
定语从句中有be动词时，保留该be动词
There is no one who is not interested in it.=There is no one but is interested in it.
There is nothing that he cannot do.=There is nothing but he can do.
There is no book which he doesn't like to read.=There is no book but he likes to read.
*（3）复合句（从句）
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
定语从句
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系副词引导的定语从句
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
限定性从句和非限定性从句
*2.按用途分类
（1）陈述句
（2）疑问句
（3）祈使句
（4）感叹句
*词法
有单复数
用于表示某件事物名称的词
eg：花，草，太阳
表示运动的词
eg：打、骂、跳、唱
在句中的功能
实义动词
系动词
常用系动词
助动词
do
情态动词
根据其后是否有宾语
及物动词（Vt）
不及物动词（Vi）
根据是否充当谓语
谓语动词
根据动词的组成形式
单字词
短语动词
动词短语
按照虚实来划分
实词
虚词
介词
be 动词
什么时候会出现be 动词？
1.被动语态（过去分词做表语）
2.主系表句型（be 动词后面的名词作表语，形容词作表语，地点副词作表语）
动词原形
第三人称单数形式
过去式
done/sang
过去分词
现在分词
主格
I/he/she/it/we/you/they
做主语，动词前
She likes studying.
宾格
me/him/her/it/us/you/them
做宾语，动词介词后
Listen to him.
所有格
my/his/her/our/its/your/their
形容词性物主代词通常被叫做所有格，修饰名词，不能单独使用
Her bag is blue.
物主代词
mine/his/hers/yours/its/ours/yours/theirs
名词性物主代词，单独使用 = 所有格+名词
This is (my bag)=This is mine.
专门用来修饰名词的词
eg：可爱的，美丽的
表示行为或者状态，专门用来修饰名词以外所有的词。
eg：大声地唱歌（大声地就是副词）
冠词
a/an
the
数词和量词
感叹词
疑问词
同一个单词，在不同情况下，充当不同的词性
eg：am
I am working.
主谓结构
am 是助动词，work是动词
I am a doctor.
am 是系动词
He has married.
married 是动词
He has been married for 3 years.
主系表机构
married 是形容词，作表语
XX词短语
以XX（词性）为主体（通常为开头）等词组成的意群
形容词短语
指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语
类型
两个或多个形容词可以由and，but等对等连词连接，构成形容词短语
Your room is large and beautiful.（large and beautiful 是形容词短语）
very等程度副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语
It is very hot today.（very hot 是形容词短语）
介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语
I am sure of success.（sure of success 是形容词短语）
不定式在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语
He is sure to come.（sure to come 是形容词短语）
介词短语
相当于副词（作定语修饰名词）
The man under the tree is my friend.（under the tree 是介词短语）
相当于形容词（作状语修饰动词）
He stood under the tree.（under the tree 是介词短语）
句法和词法的关系
不同的词在句子中可以充当充当不同的成分
做主语和宾语的不一定职能是单个的名词，也有可能是短语或者短句
名词VS主语（充分不必要）
名词可以做主语和宾语
时态
中文和英文的差别
中文谓语没有时态变化。
英语里的谓语动词，会随着时间和状态，发生相应的变化。
时态的本质是什么？
时态=“时间”和“状态”
图示
时间是不可以叠加的，状态时可以叠加的
“时间”是横向的
时间
时间分为“3时”
现在
“现在”并不是指现在这个时间点，而是指“常态”
She walks to school.
过去
She walked to school.
将来
She will walk to school.
“状态”是纵向的
状态
状态（谓语动词的状态）分为4种
一般
强调动作发生的时间，而非状态
I play basketball.
进行
强调动作的过程（描绘，生动性）
I am playing basketball.
完成
强调动作的结果（逻辑推导性）
I have played basketball.
完成进行
强调动作的结果和过程
I have been playing basketball.
4种状态的谓语变化
be + 现在分词（be 按照3个时间 及主语人称变化）
第一人称和复数 - 动词原型，第三人称 - 加“s”
have + 过去分词（have 按照3个时间及主语人称变化）
完成进行时
have been + 现在分词（have 按照3个时间及主语人称变化）
以 动词do 为例
引申
不规则动词表
16种时态详解
01.一般现在时
一般现在时分成3种情况
1.表示事物现在的情况或状态（主系表句型）
2.表示经常性、习惯性动作（常有时间副词修饰）
3.表示客观真理，格言
Time Flies.
02.一般过去时
一般过去时常使用过去的时间副词，如yesterday，last week，two years ago，in 1998
表示过去的动作、习惯、事实
03.一般将来时
表示将来发生的动作或状态，或者倾向（will 翻译为表示过去的动作、习惯、事实将要）
be going to +动词原形，也表示将来时，但多表示“计划”，故其主语多是“人”。will 表示“意愿”时，主语是“人”。但也可以表示“预测”，主语是“物”。
Mr.Thompson is going to sell it because it is haunted(闹鬼).
be about to + 动词原形，即将……
He is about to leave for Shenyang.
动词概念
延续性动词
瞬间动词
瞬间动词不能用进行时态来形容它（go、marry、die）
04.现在进行时
表示现在正在做的动作，此时be 动词翻译为“正在\"
He is playing basketball.
You are being very rude.
05.过去进行时
表示过去某事正在做的事情。
A man was lying in the box during the flight.
06.将来进行时
表示将来某时将进行的动作
They will be arriving here tomorrow.
联系
进行态，其实就是一般态的生动模式。任何一个进行态的句子，都可以改成一般态。
一般态却不一定能改成进行态，动词时延续性动词才能改。
I looked out of the window.=I was looking out of the window.
I never get up early on Sundays.≠ I was never getting up early on Sundays. 因为 get up 是短暂的。
07.现在完成时
表示到现在为止已经完成的动作（发生的时间不明）
He has gone to Shanghai.
如果是延续性动词，表示持续到现在的动作（或状态）。（注意：be 动词时可延续的）
She has lived here for 10 years.
I have been to the Great Wall.
现在完成时常用时间副词
1.since + 时间点，自从……
2.for + 时间段，有若干赶时间之久
Mr. Hart has trained his daughter for years.
3.so far / up to now，到目前为止
5.once/twice/a few times/many times， 一次/两次/几次
6.over/during/for + the last/past +数字+years/months/days，过去若干年/月/日以来
08.过去完成时
表示截止过去某事为止所完成的动作或经验。（过去完成时不能单独存在，要与另一使用一般过去时的句子或者表示过去的副词短语连用）。（had翻译为“已经”或“曾经”）
09.将来完成时
表示到将来某时为止所完成或仍然继续的动作或经验等。（常与介词by 构成的时间状语连用，表示“到……的时候”）
Workers will have completed the new roads by the end of this year.
完成进行态
10.现在完成进行时
11.过去完成进行时
表示一直继续到过去某时，而当时仍然在持续的动作（过去完成进行时的句中必须有表示过去的时间状语）
The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.
12.将来完成进行时
一直继续到将来某时，且可能继续下去的动作
总结
任何完成进行态，都能改为完成态。但是完成态不一定能改成完成进行态，必须是延续性动词，才能改。
过去将来时
13.一般过去将来时
Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra thousand pounds a year.
14.过去将来进行时
She said she would be setting off on the 10 o'clock train.
15.过去将来完成时
I guessed that Helen would have told her something.
16.过去将来完成进行时
He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.
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