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lingustics

2020-12-15 11:05:29   6  举报

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AI智能生成

高中英语教资教材思维导图

教师资格证考试（中学）

作者其他创作

大纲/内容

lingustic

language

definition

verbal communication

a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication

共有性；稳定性；符号性

design features

1.arbitariness

2.duality

3.creativity

来源于duality & recursiveness递归性

4.displacement

stimulus-free

function

1.informative

2.interpersonal

3.performative施为行为可以改变人的社会地位

4.emotive

5.phatic寒暄

6.recreational

7.matelingual元语言

Second language acquisition
二语习得

hypothesis

acquisition-learning

input

affective filter

motivation+confidence+anxiety

natural order

teacher-learning syllabus；student-acquisition syllabus

monitor

over-user；under-user；optimal

output

interaction

interlanguage中介语

fossilization僵化

inadequacy不完备性/instability/systematicity

native language

positive/negative transfer(interference)

error analysis

contrastive

error

interlingual语际-本族语/intralingual语内-不完全学习(overgeneralization,cross-association联想混淆)

omission,addition,double marking,misformation,misordering

syllabus

1.structural

2.functional-notional功能-意念

3.task-based

4.content-based

5.skill-based

6.genre-based体裁型

专门用途英语ESP 学术英语EAP

tolerance ofambiguity

view of language

1.structural

the audio-lingual method;total physical response;the silent way

2.functional

communicative approach;natural approach

3.interactional

task-based language learning

theory

1.behaviorist

stimulus-response-reinforcement

2.cognitive

language acquisition device;congnitive approach;universal grammar

3.constructive

branch

microlinguistics

1.Phonetics语音学

speech sounds

i.articulatory 发音

production

ii.acoustic 声学

transmission

iii.auditory 听觉

perception

category

number

singular,dual,plural

gender

case

agreement/concord一致/协同关系

recursiveness递归性

conjoining连接/embedding嵌入

cohesion(reference/substitution/ellipsis/conjunction/lexical cohesion) / coherence

5.Semantics语义学

meaning

denotative外延 / connotative内涵

conceptual,connotative,social,affective,reflected,collocative搭配,thematic主位)

referential theory

the semantic triangle:concept+word+thing

sense涵义 reference指称(具体实体)

sense relations:sameness+oppositeness+inclusiveness

words

1.synonymy

dialectal,stylistic文体,emotive,collocational,semantic

2.antonymy

gradable,complementary,converse

3.hyponymy上下义

superordinate上坐标词+hyponym下义词

4.homonymy同形/同音异义

5.polysemy一词多义

sentences

1.synonymous

2.inconsistent对立

3.entails蕴涵

4.presuppose预设

5.contradiction自相矛盾

6.semantically anomalous语义反常

componential analysis

6.Pragmatics语用学

context语境

speech act theory

performative施为 / constative叙事

locutionary发话/illocutionary行事/perlocutionary取效

indirect speech act

assertives/representatives断言,directives指示,commissives承诺,expressive,declaration宣告

the theory of conversational implicature

cooperative principle

the maxim of quantity/quality/relation/manner

feature

calculability可推导性/cancellability(defeasibility)/non-detachability/non-conventionality非常规性

7.rhetoric修辞学

phonological rhetorical devices

onomatopoeia拟声/assonance类韵/alliteration头韵/end rhyme/reverse end rhyme

semantic rhetorical devices

simile明喻/metaphor隐喻/metonymy转喻/synecdoche提喻/pun双关/transferred epithet移就/personification
hyperbole夸张/irony反语/sarcasm讽刺/oxymoron矛盾修饰/allusion引喻典故/paradox/understatement含蓄

syntactical rhetorical devices

parallelism平行/antithesis对照/repetition/climax层递/anti-climax突降

macrolinguistics

1.Psycholinguitics心理语言学

2.Sociolingutics社会语言学

speech community

language varieties语言变体

standard language

dialect

regional/sociolect/temporal/idiolect/ethnic

register语域

field语场+tenor语旨+mode语式

pidgin & creole

slang俚语/linguistic taboo/euphemism委婉语

diglossia双语现象/bilingualism双语制/multilingualism多语制

empathy

important
difference

1.descriptive描写式 & presciptive规定式

2.synchronic共时 & diachronic历时

3.langue-linguistic competence语言能力 & parole言语-data语料

4.competence语言能力-underlying knowledge & performance语言运用-actual use

teaching

grammar-translation method

阅读原著名著；不注重口语；母语教学

direct method

直观教具；不用母语；不注重语法；背现成句子；强调语音口语

audio-lingual method

口语；听说；drilling sentence pattern，repetition、memorization、mimicry

the situational(audio-visual) approach

整体结构感知，对话-句子-单词-单音

cognitive approach

以学生为中心，注重发展语言能力

communicative(functional-notional) approach

competence：linguistic/pragmatic/discourse/strategic/fluency

principle：communication/task/meaningfulness

the natural approach

自然习得

total physical response

听-做动作；以句子为教学单位

task-based language teaching

task：purpose/context/process/product

≠exercise/activity；非语言结果

problem-solving;decision-making;opinion exchange;information-gap;jigsaw拼图

listing;ordering anf sorting;comparing;sharing personal experiences;project/creative tasks

traditonal：3P presentation/practice/production

pre-task;task-cycle(task+planning+reporting);languages focus(analysis+practice)

multiple intelligences approach

1.verbal-linguistic

2.logical-mathematical

3.visual-spatial

4.musical-rhythmtic

5.bodily-kinesthtic

6.interpersonal-social

7.intrapersonal-introspective

8.naturalist

language knowledge teaching

Phonetic

goal

consistency；intelligibility；communicative efficency

语音：音标+读音规则

flow

stresses of sentence；rhythms；sense group and pause；liaison and loss of plosion；intonations

principle

accuracy；long-term development；comprehensiveness；pertinence针对性；communication；authenticity真实性

method

pronunciation practice

perception认知

using minimal pairs；which order；same or diff；odd one out；completion

production产出

listen and repeat；fill in the blanks；make sentences；using meaningful context；use pictures；tongue twisters绕口令

stress and intonation

use gestures/voice/blackboard

lexical

content

word meaning

denotative/connotative

information

part of spench词性；affixes；spelling；pronunciation；lexical rules；syntax structures

usage

collocation；phrases短语；idioms；style；register

strategy

controlling(metacognitive)；resource；congnitive；memory；organizing activity

principle

model

PPT：presentation+practice+test

TBLT：task-based language teaching

method

巩固

labeling；spot diff；describe&draw；memory game；word series；word bingo；association；synonyms&antonyms；collocation；categories

grammar

content

language form/structure(morphology+syntax)；meaning；use

principle

method

deductive演绎法

讲解语法规则举例说明，练习

inductive归纳法

语境

guided discovery

practice

1.mechanical

substitution drills；transformation drills

2.meaningful

在一定情景，看图编对话、根据提示翻译句子

3.communicative

交际，讲故事、情景对话、小组讨论、角色扮演

discourse

对语篇的整体把握，知识迁移、应用能力

method

整体；线索5W1H，chronological order；background knowledge；段落提问；discussion

language skill teaching

model

bottom-up听力理解前安排训练讲解；top-down激活背景知识预测；interactive；task-based；PWP(pre-while(extensive/intensive)-post)

activity

discrimination

recognizing communicating signals

listening for gist

listening for specfic information

word-guessing

inferring and predicting

note-taking

spoken language

content

language form；language content；function；strategies

activity

semi-/controlled or mechanical；open or creative

model

3P；TBLT

reading

model

top-down

bottom-up

interactive-compensatory

process

PWP

skill

skimming；scanning；word-guessing；predicting；inferring；recognizing the reference

writing

approach

product-oriented approach

process-oriented approach

content-oriented approach

process

creating a motivation to write；brainstorming；mind mapping；outlining；drafting；editing(self/peer)；revising

model

controlled:copying,filling-in,completions,transfermations

guided

expressive

class

Instructional design

principle

aim;variety;flexibility;learnability;linkage

process

warming up

lead-in

presentation

practice

consolidation and extension

summary and homework

questions

open/closed；display/referential

knowledge/comprehension;application;analysis;synthesis;evaluation

feedback

explicit /implicit correction(recast重述；pinpointing强调暗示；metalingustic feedback；inquiry追问)

manage

principle

clarity；demonstration；checking；appropriate time；advance organizer；complete instruction；clear start and ending

activity

lockstep activity全班；group work2-4；pair work；individual work

teacher

instructor；controller；assessor；organizer；prompter；participant；resource-provider；reseacher；facilitator

assessment

formative

summative

diagnostic

test

achievement

proficiency水平

aptitute潜能

diagnostic

placement分级

subjective-objective

direct-indirect

discrete-point分离性-integrative；norm-/criterion-referenced

standard

reliability；validity；discrimination；difficulty

reflection

teaching journal；narrative research；action research

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