Pocket英语语法
2021-07-13 09:00:27 30 举报
AI智能生成
根据b站的Pocket英语语法教程制作的一个思维导图。
作者其他创作
大纲/内容
英语语序和五种基本句式
Subject Verb(主➕谓)
the universe remains(宇宙长存)
Subject Link Verb Predicate(主系表)
the food is delicious (食物很好吃)
Subject Verb Object(主谓宾)
he took his bag and left(他拿着他的包离开了)
或最简单的主谓宾结构:I love you.
或最简单的主谓宾结构:I love you.
Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object(主➕谓➕间宾➕直宾)
her father bought her a dictionary(她的爸爸给她买了一本词典)
Subject-verb-object +object complement(主谓宾➕宾补)
we made him our monitor(我们选他当我们的班长)
be动词形式和用法
Be动词的形式: be am is are was were being been
示例
the man is back(这个男人回来了,一般现在时)
they are back(他们回来了,第三人称复数用are)
he was back(他回来了,第三人称单数过去时,用was)
they were back(他们回来了,第三人称复数,用were)
they have been back(他们已经回来了,完成时用been)
they are back(他们回来了,第三人称复数用are)
he was back(他回来了,第三人称单数过去时,用was)
they were back(他们回来了,第三人称复数,用were)
they have been back(他们已经回来了,完成时用been)
Be动词的用法: be动词后面接名词 形容词 地点副词或短语作补足语
the man is a teacher(这个男人是老师,补充说明前面的男人)
Trump's new dresses are coloful(川普的新裙子是五颜六色的)
my father was in the kitchen(我妈妈在厨房里,was后面接地点副词,in the kitchen)
Trump's new dresses are coloful(川普的新裙子是五颜六色的)
my father was in the kitchen(我妈妈在厨房里,was后面接地点副词,in the kitchen)
be动词的否定、提问、回答
在am、is、are、was、were 后面加not
省略形式:am not、isn't、aren't、wasn't、weren't
省略形式:am not、isn't、aren't、wasn't、weren't
The man isn't back. (这个男人没有回来,一般现在时)
I am not back.(我没有回来,第一人称单数,一般现在时)
They aren't back.(他们没有回来,第三人称复数,一般现在时)
He wasn't back.(他没有回来,一般过去时)
They weren't back.(他们没有回来,第三人称复数,一般过去时)
I am not back.(我没有回来,第一人称单数,一般现在时)
They aren't back.(他们没有回来,第三人称复数,一般现在时)
He wasn't back.(他没有回来,一般过去时)
They weren't back.(他们没有回来,第三人称复数,一般过去时)
Be动词的提问和回答。
• Is he a teacher? 他是老师吗?(将be动词is提到最前边)
Yes,he is./ No, he isn't(肯定和否定形式)
• Are you a teacher? 你是老师吗? (第二人称复数,将be动词are提到最前边)
Yes, I am./No, I am not.
• Were they teachers? 他们曾经是老师吗(第三人称复数一般过去式,将be动词were提到最前边)
Yes, they were./ No they weren't
Yes,he is./ No, he isn't(肯定和否定形式)
• Are you a teacher? 你是老师吗? (第二人称复数,将be动词are提到最前边)
Yes, I am./No, I am not.
• Were they teachers? 他们曾经是老师吗(第三人称复数一般过去式,将be动词were提到最前边)
Yes, they were./ No they weren't
代词的主格和宾格
主格代词:I、he、she、it、you、we、they(作主语的形式都叫做主格代词)
示例:
I am a teacher.(我是一名老师)“I”是主语
He is a teacher.(他是一名老师)“He”是主语
You are teachers(你们是老师)“You”是主语
He is a teacher.(他是一名老师)“He”是主语
You are teachers(你们是老师)“You”是主语
宾格代词:me、him、her、it、you、us、them
示例:
He likes me.(他喜欢我)“me”是宾语,like的第三人称单数是likes
We like her. (我们喜欢她)“her”是宾语。
I like them. (我喜欢他们)“them”是宾语。
We like her. (我们喜欢她)“her”是宾语。
I like them. (我喜欢他们)“them”是宾语。
名词性/形容词性物主代词
释义:代替人或物的词
形容词性物主代词(修饰后面名词的物主代词)
单数形式:My、Your、his、her、its,one's
This is my book. (这是我的书,修饰形容后面的book)
This is your phone.(这是你的手机,修饰后面的phone)
This is his mother.(这是他的妈妈)
This is her mother.(这是她的妈妈)
This is one's mother.(这是某人的妈妈)
复数形式:our、your、their
We love our motherland. (我们爱我们的祖国,修饰后面的motherland)
Those are your socks. (那些是你们的袜子,复数的形容词性物主代词your)
This is their computer.(这是他们的电脑)
名词性物主代词(物的主人,独立为一个名词成分,后面不能接名词)
单数形式:mine、yours、his、hers、its、one's.
This apple is hers. (这个苹果是她的,代替apple的主人)
This apple is mine.(这个苹果是我的)
This apple is yours.(这个苹果是你的)
复数形式:ours、yours、theirs.
• This book is ours. (这个书是我们的)ours后面不能再修饰名词。
• This book is yours. (这个书是我你们的)
• This book is theirs (这个书是他们的)。
物主代词表格
反身代词
概述
反身代词:表示某人自己。
• 单数:myself(我自己)、yourself(你自己)、herself(她自己)、himself(他自己)、itself(它自己)
• 复数:yourselves(你们自己)、ourselves(你们自己)、themselves(他们自己)
• 单数:myself(我自己)、yourself(你自己)、herself(她自己)、himself(他自己)、itself(它自己)
• 复数:yourselves(你们自己)、ourselves(你们自己)、themselves(他们自己)
反身代词用法
Please help yourself to some fish. (请你自己随便吃些鱼吧)
We enjoyed ourselves last night. (我们昨晚很开心)
The thing itself is not important. (这件事对它自己不是很重要,itself做同位语,用来解释说明前面名词的成分)
Take good care of yourself (照顾好你自己)
She gained control of herself (她控制住了她自己)
We enjoyed ourselves last night. (我们昨晚很开心)
The thing itself is not important. (这件事对它自己不是很重要,itself做同位语,用来解释说明前面名词的成分)
Take good care of yourself (照顾好你自己)
She gained control of herself (她控制住了她自己)
实意动词的特征
概述
实意动词是指具有实际意思的动词,如:
• come(来)、read(读)、go(去)、watch(看)、play(玩)、fly(飞)
• come(来)、read(读)、go(去)、watch(看)、play(玩)、fly(飞)
示例
He comes from China(第三人称单数动词后面加s,变为comes)
She is reading story book.(她正在读故事书,现在进行时)
They went to America yesterday.(他们昨天去美国了,一般过去时,go变为went)
We have watched the game for three times(我们已经看了这个游戏三遍了,现在完成时)
My mother will fly back to China next month. (我的妈妈将在下个月飞回中国,将来时)
She is reading story book.(她正在读故事书,现在进行时)
They went to America yesterday.(他们昨天去美国了,一般过去时,go变为went)
We have watched the game for three times(我们已经看了这个游戏三遍了,现在完成时)
My mother will fly back to China next month. (我的妈妈将在下个月飞回中国,将来时)
实意动词的否定/提问/回答
使用助动词进行否定
• 在助动词do、does、did 后面加not
• do not / don't
• 例句:I don't go to school by bug.(我不做公交车去学校,非三单使用do+not形式)
• does not / doesn't
• 例句:She doesn't watch television everyday.(他们每天不看电视,三单使用does + not构成)
• did not / didn't
• 例句: They didn't swim last night.(他们昨晚没有游泳,过去时使用did+not)
• do not / don't
• 例句:I don't go to school by bug.(我不做公交车去学校,非三单使用do+not形式)
• does not / doesn't
• 例句:She doesn't watch television everyday.(他们每天不看电视,三单使用does + not构成)
• did not / didn't
• 例句: They didn't swim last night.(他们昨晚没有游泳,过去时使用did+not)
使用助动词进行提问
• 例句:He often plays golf.(他经常打高尔夫)
• 提问:Does he often play golf?(他经常打高尔夫吗? 三单用does提问,提到句子首部)
• 回答:Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
• 例句: They go to school by bus.(他们坐公交车去学校)
• 提问:Do they go to school by bus?(他们坐公交车去学校吗? 非三单使用do提问)
• 回答:Yes, they do. / No, they don't
• 例句: Trump had breakfast yesterday.(川普昨天吃早饭了,动词have变had过去时)
• 提问:Did Trump have breakfast yesterday?(川普昨天吃早饭了嘛? 提问过去使用did,动词had变为have原型)
• 提问:Does he often play golf?(他经常打高尔夫吗? 三单用does提问,提到句子首部)
• 回答:Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
• 例句: They go to school by bus.(他们坐公交车去学校)
• 提问:Do they go to school by bus?(他们坐公交车去学校吗? 非三单使用do提问)
• 回答:Yes, they do. / No, they don't
• 例句: Trump had breakfast yesterday.(川普昨天吃早饭了,动词have变had过去时)
• 提问:Did Trump have breakfast yesterday?(川普昨天吃早饭了嘛? 提问过去使用did,动词had变为have原型)
使用疑问词进行提问和回答(1)
使用疑问词进行提问:
When(什么时候?)、Where(哪里?)、
Who(谁?)、What(什么?)、How(怎么,多么?)
When(什么时候?)、Where(哪里?)、
Who(谁?)、What(什么?)、How(怎么,多么?)
例句:He bought three books yesterday (他昨天买了三本书,一般现在时,buy变为bought过去式)
示例
When did he buy three books? (他什么时候买了三本书?一般过去式,助动词did用修饰)
What did he buy yesterday? (他昨天买了什么?)
Who bought three books yesterday? (谁昨天买了三本书?)
What did he buy yesterday? (他昨天买了什么?)
Who bought three books yesterday? (谁昨天买了三本书?)
总结:
疑问词总是放在句子的首位,如果疑问词不作主语,则使用助动词帮助构成疑问句,如果疑问词作主语,其它成分则按照正常语序排列。
疑问词总是放在句子的首位,如果疑问词不作主语,则使用助动词帮助构成疑问句,如果疑问词作主语,其它成分则按照正常语序排列。
使用疑问词进行提问和回答(2)
How long(多久)、How far(多远)、How often(多长时间一次)、Why(为啥)
使用How long提问
• 例句:
• They have been in China for three years.(他们来中国三年了,现在完成时)
• 提问:How long have they been in China?(他们来中国多久了?)
• They have been in China for three years.(他们来中国三年了,现在完成时)
• 提问:How long have they been in China?(他们来中国多久了?)
使用How far提问
• 例句:
• It is about 4 kilometers from Beijing to Xi an. (从北京到先大约有四千米)
• 提问:How far is it from Beijing to Xi an?(从北京到西安有多远)
• It is about 4 kilometers from Beijing to Xi an. (从北京到先大约有四千米)
• 提问:How far is it from Beijing to Xi an?(从北京到西安有多远)
使用How often提问
• 例句:
• They come to visit me once a week.(他们一周来看我一次)
• 提问:How often do they come to visit me?(他们多长时间来看我一次)
• They come to visit me once a week.(他们一周来看我一次)
• 提问:How often do they come to visit me?(他们多长时间来看我一次)
使用Why 提问
• 例句:
• She came late, because she missed the bus.(她来晚了,因为她错过了那辆公交车)
• 提问:Why did she come late? (她为什么迟到了?使用助动词的过去式did)
• She came late, because she missed the bus.(她来晚了,因为她错过了那辆公交车)
• 提问:Why did she come late? (她为什么迟到了?使用助动词的过去式did)
名词:代表事物的词
可数名词(countable noun):代指数的过来的概念
例如:apple、pencil、student
例如:apple、pencil、student
• 可数名词有单数和复数之分:
• apple -> apples
• pencil -> pencils
• tomato -> tomatoes
• apple -> apples
• pencil -> pencils
• tomato -> tomatoes
不可数名词(UNcountable noun):表示无法计算的数量或抽象概念
例如:salt、coffee、water、history、love
例如:salt、coffee、water、history、love
• 不可数名词无复数,只能用单数
• salt -> salt
• coffee -> coffee
• water -> water
• salt -> salt
• coffee -> coffee
• water -> water
名词变复数的规则:
1. 一般末尾加上后缀-s. friend -> friends
2. 以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后缀-es:bus -> buses
3. 辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y变为i再加es:candy -> candies
4. 以-o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写,就加es
a. tomato -> tomatoes
b. hippo -> hippos (河马:hippopotamus)
2. 以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后缀-es:bus -> buses
3. 辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y变为i再加es:candy -> candies
4. 以-o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写,就加es
a. tomato -> tomatoes
b. hippo -> hippos (河马:hippopotamus)
可数名词前可加 a(an) 或量词。
• apple - an apple -> apples
• tomato - a tomato -> tomatoes
不可数名词前不可加a(an),没有复数,但前面可以加量词
• coffee - a cup of coffee.(一杯咖啡)
• water - a glass of water.(一杯水)
• apple - an apple -> apples
• tomato - a tomato -> tomatoes
不可数名词前不可加a(an),没有复数,但前面可以加量词
• coffee - a cup of coffee.(一杯咖啡)
• water - a glass of water.(一杯水)
指示代词 & 不定代词
指示代词
指示代词是标识人或事物的代词。用来代替前面已经提到过的名词
指示代词有:This(这个)、These(这些)、That(那个)、Those(哪些)
指示代词有:This(这个)、These(这些)、That(那个)、Those(哪些)
例句:
• This is his book.(这是他的书)
• Those apples were his. (那些苹果是他的,Those用来指代苹果)
• This is his book.(这是他的书)
• Those apples were his. (那些苹果是他的,Those用来指代苹果)
不定代词: 指代不确定的人或事物
one、the other、some、any、something、nothing、each
No one knows where he is. (没有人知道他在哪)
Some of the boys want to go to China, but the others want to go to America(一些男孩想去中国,其他人想去美国)
Each of the students has got a book. (每个学生都得到了一本书)
Some of the boys want to go to China, but the others want to go to America(一些男孩想去中国,其他人想去美国)
Each of the students has got a book. (每个学生都得到了一本书)
形容词
形容词是用于形容人或事物的状态、性质、大小等,通常用在名词的前面、be动词的后面
beautiful --> the beautiful girl. (漂亮女孩,放在girl名词的前面)
The girl is beautiful.(女孩很漂亮,放在be动词后面)
The girl is beautiful.(女孩很漂亮,放在be动词后面)
The + 形容词=复数名词,表示一类事物,后面的动词使用复数
old -> the old.(老年人)、young -> the young (年轻人)
The old need more care than the young. (老年人比年轻人需要更多的关爱)
The old need more care than the young. (老年人比年轻人需要更多的关爱)
示例
She is a ( good ) student.(他是一个好学生,good形容词来修饰后面的学生)
This bike is ( expensive ). (这辆自行车很贵。expensive 来修饰be动词前的bike)
( The rich ) sometimes complain their empty life.(富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活)
This bike is ( expensive ). (这辆自行车很贵。expensive 来修饰be动词前的bike)
( The rich ) sometimes complain their empty life.(富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活)
副词
副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以及其他结构。
He runs fast.(他跑的快,fast表示副词用来修饰前面的runs)
She is very beautiful. (她非常漂亮,very修饰后面的名词)
They work very hard. (他们工作非常努力,very修饰后面的名词hard)
She is very beautiful. (她非常漂亮,very修饰后面的名词)
They work very hard. (他们工作非常努力,very修饰后面的名词hard)
副词的位置:
1. 根据情况放在助动词之后、实意动词前或后
2. 形容词之前、其它副词之前或之后
3. 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词之后
2. 形容词之前、其它副词之前或之后
3. 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词之后
He speaks very fast.(他说的非常快,fast副词修饰前面的speaks)
They have already left.(他们已经离开了,修饰前面的助动词have,后面的实意动词left)
They have already been repaired.(他们已经被修好了,修饰have助动词)
They have already left.(他们已经离开了,修饰前面的助动词have,后面的实意动词left)
They have already been repaired.(他们已经被修好了,修饰have助动词)
频度副词(always、usually、often、sometimes、never...)的位置通常放在一般动词前面、be动词后面、助动词和实意动词之间。
They always come early.(他们总是来的很早,修饰come实意动词,放在前面)
Trump often writes homework at 7:00. (川普经常在七点写作业,often放在实意动词的前面)
Trump often writes homework at 7:00. (川普经常在七点写作业,often放在实意动词的前面)
不定量表达法:不确定数量的表达法。
Some(一些,可数)、Any(一些,不可数)、Most(大多数)、Every(每一个)、All(所有)
• some、any 都表示 “一些”
• some 主要用于肯定句,希望得到肯定的回答时、也可用在疑问句中,any主要用在否定句和疑问句当中。
• 示例:I'd been expecting some letters the whole morning, but there weren't any for me.(我整个上午一直在等一些信件,但是没有任何的信件给我,some表示一些,any使用在否定句中)
• some 主要用于肯定句,希望得到肯定的回答时、也可用在疑问句中,any主要用在否定句和疑问句当中。
• 示例:I'd been expecting some letters the whole morning, but there weren't any for me.(我整个上午一直在等一些信件,但是没有任何的信件给我,some表示一些,any使用在否定句中)
• most作形容词时表示大部分的,后面接复数名词
• Most people here are from China. (大多数人来自中国)
• Most people here are from China. (大多数人来自中国)
• every 表示“每一个、所有”后面接单数名词。
• Every one likes the film. (每个人都喜欢电影)
• Every one likes the film. (每个人都喜欢电影)
• all 表示“所有”,后面接可数名词复数,不可数名词单数
• All the cars are parked in the parking lot.(所有的车都停在了停车场里。)
• All the coffee is served on time. (所有的咖啡都按时提供了。)
• All the cars are parked in the parking lot.(所有的车都停在了停车场里。)
• All the coffee is served on time. (所有的咖啡都按时提供了。)
练习:
(Some)boys went camping yesterday.(一些男孩昨天去宿营了。)
(All)the children like to play football.(所有孩子们都喜欢踢足球)
(Most)teachers want to work here.(大多数老师都想来这工作)
(Some)boys went camping yesterday.(一些男孩昨天去宿营了。)
(All)the children like to play football.(所有孩子们都喜欢踢足球)
(Most)teachers want to work here.(大多数老师都想来这工作)
both 表示两者都...,可作形容词、代词和副词,either是两者之一,neither 是两者都不。
a. 示例:
ⅰ. Both his eyes were severely burned. (他的两只眼睛都被严重的烧伤了,both这里指两只眼睛都...)
ⅱ. There is only one tree on either side of the street. ( 街道两边只有一棵树,指街道的两边,两者之一 )
ⅲ. Neither answer is correct. (没有一个回答是正确的。Neither表示两者都不是)
ⅰ. Both his eyes were severely burned. (他的两只眼睛都被严重的烧伤了,both这里指两只眼睛都...)
ⅱ. There is only one tree on either side of the street. ( 街道两边只有一棵树,指街道的两边,两者之一 )
ⅲ. Neither answer is correct. (没有一个回答是正确的。Neither表示两者都不是)
many 修饰可数名词,表示“许多”,much修饰不可数名词,表示“许多”。a lot of(lots of),plenty of均可修饰可数和不可数名词形式。
many books、much water、a lot of/lots of books/water
a. 练习:
ⅰ. ( Both )the hands are washed. (两只手都被洗了)
ⅱ. Trump drank (lots of)coffee last night. (川普昨晚喝了很多咖啡)
ⅰ. ( Both )the hands are washed. (两只手都被洗了)
ⅱ. Trump drank (lots of)coffee last night. (川普昨晚喝了很多咖啡)
a few 为肯定含义“几个”,few为否定含义“没几个”,这两个词均可和可数名词连用
A few books are put into the box.(几本书放在了盒子里)
Few books are put into the box. (没几本书放在盒子里)
Few books are put into the box. (没几本书放在盒子里)
a little 为肯定含义“一点儿”,little为否定含义“没多少”,均可和不可数名词连用
There is a little water in the bottle.(瓶子里有一点水)
There is little water in the bottle. (瓶子里没多少水)
There is little water in the bottle. (瓶子里没多少水)
none 和 no one 的意思相同,主要用作代词,翻译为“一个也不,一点也不”
a. none 可以接of短语,动词可用单数也可用复数
b. no one 不能接of短语,动词只能用单数
ⅰ. No one knows the answer.(没有人知道答案)
ⅱ. None of us have(has) arrived.(我们没有一个人到)
b. no one 不能接of短语,动词只能用单数
ⅰ. No one knows the answer.(没有人知道答案)
ⅱ. None of us have(has) arrived.(我们没有一个人到)
There Here Be句型
There Here Be 是倒装句。
- There/Here + (be)根据上下文,有很多种翻译方法,可以翻译为“有”,“是”,be动词根据后面的名词有单复数变化。
• 例句:
• There is a book on the bookshelf.(有一本书在书架上)
• There are some books on the bookshelf.(有一些书在书架上)
• Here is the bus stop.(这里是公交站)
• Here are your books.(这里是你的书)
• There is a book on the bookshelf.(有一本书在书架上)
• There are some books on the bookshelf.(有一些书在书架上)
• Here is the bus stop.(这里是公交站)
• Here are your books.(这里是你的书)
• 练习:
• (There is)a lot of water in the bottle.(瓶子里面有一些水)
• (Here is)your car.(这里是你的车)
• (There are)many students in the room.(房间里有很多学生)
• (There is)a lot of water in the bottle.(瓶子里面有一些水)
• (Here is)your car.(这里是你的车)
• (There are)many students in the room.(房间里有很多学生)
一般现在时&现在进行时
一般现在时:表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作。主语是单数第三人称时,动词有单三的变化,主语是非第三人称单数时,动词为原形。
示例:
1. They often get up at 7:00 (他们经常在七点起床,非三单用动词原形 get )
2. He often gets up at 7:00 (他经常在七点起床,主语是三单则动词变三单的形式)
1. They often get up at 7:00 (他们经常在七点起床,非三单用动词原形 get )
2. He often gets up at 7:00 (他经常在七点起床,主语是三单则动词变三单的形式)
一般现在时,动词的单三变化:
• 在动词尾部直接加s
• 例如:play --> plays
• 以字母s、x、ch或o结尾的动词加 es
• 例如:guess --> guesses
• 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加es
• 如:study --> studies
• 例如:play --> plays
• 以字母s、x、ch或o结尾的动词加 es
• 例如:guess --> guesses
• 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加es
• 如:study --> studies
—般现在时否定和疑间句用do. does帮助构成。
• - He doesn't like the car.(他不喜欢那辆车)
• - Does he like the car?(他喜欢那辆车吗?提问句like变原形)
• -Yes, he does./ No, he doesn't
• - Does he like the car?(他喜欢那辆车吗?提问句like变原形)
• -Yes, he does./ No, he doesn't
现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。句中通常有now 等时间副词呼应,基本构成形式为be+doing。
示例:
1.They are watching TV(他们在看电视)
2. He is watching TV.(他在看电视)
3. I am watching TV.(我在看电视)
1.They are watching TV(他们在看电视)
2. He is watching TV.(他在看电视)
3. I am watching TV.(我在看电视)
动词现在分词的变化规则
1. 一般情况下,直接在动词后加-ing
a. 如:work - working
2. 动词以不发音的-e结尾,要去e加ing
a. 如:take - taking
3. 重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母,再加-ing。
a. 如:cut - cutting
4. 以-ie结尾的动词,变y再加-ing。
a. 如:lie --> lying
a. 如:work - working
2. 动词以不发音的-e结尾,要去e加ing
a. 如:take - taking
3. 重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母,再加-ing。
a. 如:cut - cutting
4. 以-ie结尾的动词,变y再加-ing。
a. 如:lie --> lying
现在进行时变否定句和疑间句时。将be动词否定或提前。
• 示例
• 否定句:They aren't watching TV.
• 疑问句:Are they watching TV.
• 否定句:He isn't watching TV.
• 疑问句:Is he watching TV?
• 疑问句:Am I watching TV?
• 回答:yes,you are. no, you aren't
• 否定句:They aren't watching TV.
• 疑问句:Are they watching TV.
• 否定句:He isn't watching TV.
• 疑问句:Is he watching TV?
• 疑问句:Am I watching TV?
• 回答:yes,you are. no, you aren't
一般过去式 & 过去进行时
• 一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态,过去习惯性、经常性的行为.
• 基本结构:主语+动词过去式+其他,一般动词在动词后面加ed,还有一些不规则动词不规则变化。
• play-played。come-came
• 基本结构:主语+动词过去式+其他,一般动词在动词后面加ed,还有一些不规则动词不规则变化。
• play-played。come-came
• 示例
• He worked very hard last night.(他昨天晚上工作非常努力)
• They came here by car.(他坐车来的)
• He worked very hard last night.(他昨天晚上工作非常努力)
• They came here by car.(他坐车来的)
动词一般过去时变化规则
1. —般在动词后加-ed。如:play一played
2. 在以字母e结尾的动词后,只加-d。
a. 如:like --> liked
3. 在以“辅音字母+y"结尾的动词后,变y为i。
a. 再加—ed。如: supply-supplied
4. 在以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ed。
a. 如:plan-planned
2. 在以字母e结尾的动词后,只加-d。
a. 如:like --> liked
3. 在以“辅音字母+y"结尾的动词后,变y为i。
a. 再加—ed。如: supply-supplied
4. 在以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ed。
a. 如:plan-planned
过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。
其形式为was /were + doing。
其形式为was /were + doing。
• 示例
• 1. They were waiting for you.(他们在等你)
• 2. He was talking_ with his friends just now.
• 1. They were waiting for you.(他们在等你)
• 2. He was talking_ with his friends just now.
将来时
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或状态。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。
• 如:tomorrow(明天)、next week(下周)、in the future (将来)。
构成将来时还需要在动词前面加上一些助动词来帮助构成将来时时态。
构成将来时还需要在动词前面加上一些助动词来帮助构成将来时时态。
助动词will或shall+动词原形”,表示将来发生的事情。
hey will go to China by plane tomorrow.(他们明天将要坐飞机去中国。)
We shall leave for China next month.(我们下个月要离开中国)
We shall leave for China next month.(我们下个月要离开中国)
“be going to+动词原形”用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及已有迹象表明必将发生某事,意为“打算,就要”。
They are going to play football this afternoon.(他们今天下午要去踢足球,准备好要去)
She is going to learn German next year.(他明年要去学德语)
She is going to learn German next year.(他明年要去学德语)
4. be doing 表示位置转移的动词。
a. 如:go、come、leave、start arrive。可用现在进行时表示将来时。。
a. 如:go、come、leave、start arrive。可用现在进行时表示将来时。。
They are leaving for Germany。(他们要离开去日本)
She is arriving tomorrow.(她明天到)
She is arriving tomorrow.(她明天到)
完成时
现在完成时((have + p.p.),动作过去发生,已经完成,对现在造成影响或后果,动作可能还会持续,可使用的时间状语为:already(已经)和yet(还)。
They have already arrived in America.(他们已经到美国了。(have助动词现在完成时加arrived过去时分词)
She has played soccer for 3 hours.(她已经踢足球3个小时了。(现在完成时,三单have变has)
She hasn't finished the homework yet.(他还没有完成家庭作业。(三单have变has,否定形式has not)
She has played soccer for 3 hours.(她已经踢足球3个小时了。(现在完成时,三单have变has)
She hasn't finished the homework yet.(他还没有完成家庭作业。(三单have变has,否定形式has not)
过去完成时(had+.p.p.),表示句中的动作发生在过去之前,即过去的过去,已经完成,对过去造成了一定的影响或后果。 They had already arrived in America. She had played soccer for 3 hours. She hadn't finished the homework yet.(助动词have变过去时had,表示过去已经完成很久的事。)
动词用法
动词根据功能分为四类:实意动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Model Verb)
1. 动词有数量和时态的变化,通常有三大时态:现在、过去、和将来时
2. 根据动作进行的状态可分为:一般时,进行时和完成时
3. 使用动词时通常将1和2结合。例如:一般现在时,过去进行时。
a. He goes to school every day.(他每天都去学校,三单go变goes。)
b. He went to hospital last night. (他昨晚去了医院,一般过去式,go变为went)
2. 根据动作进行的状态可分为:一般时,进行时和完成时
3. 使用动词时通常将1和2结合。例如:一般现在时,过去进行时。
a. He goes to school every day.(他每天都去学校,三单go变goes。)
b. He went to hospital last night. (他昨晚去了医院,一般过去式,go变为went)
动词形态变化总结:
ChildTopic
情态动词can/could/may/might
can/could 表示能力,可以用be able to代替can/could 现在 / 过去的能力,客观可能性(can的可能性大)表示请求和允许
He can/cloud/is able to swim.(他会游泳,分别可以用can/could/be able to句型表示能)
He can/could come tomorrow.(他明天会来,can比could的可能性要大)
Can/cloud I stay here?(我能呆在这儿吗?)
Are you able to play games?(你会玩游戏吗?)
He can/could come tomorrow.(他明天会来,can比could的可能性要大)
Can/cloud I stay here?(我能呆在这儿吗?)
Are you able to play games?(你会玩游戏吗?)
may/might表示可能性,may的可能性更大,might比较委婉
1. He may/might come here by bus.
2. May/might I join you?
a. yes,please/no,you can't/ no, you mustn't
2. May/might I join you?
a. yes,please/no,you can't/ no, you mustn't
1. must/have to 表示必须、必要。(must表示主观多一些,而have to 则表示客观多一些)
• have to 有时态和数量的变化。
• 如:you mustn't go.(你不准去)、you don't have to go(你不必去)
• have to 有时态和数量的变化。
• 如:you mustn't go.(你不准去)、you don't have to go(你不必去)
You must get up early.(你必须得早点起床)
It's going to rain, I have to go home now.(要下雨了,我得回家了。)
It's going to rain, I have to go home now.(要下雨了,我得回家了。)
Should 表示劝告、建议、命令。其同义词是ought to。Should强调主观看法,而ought to强调客观要求。在疑问句中,通常用should代替ought to。
1. You should/ought to do the job right now.(你应该做工作了,should表示主观上应该做某事,ought to表示客观限制的条件应该做某事)
2. Should they stay here now?(他们应该呆在这吗?)
2. Should they stay here now?(他们应该呆在这吗?)
need:“需要”,可作情态动词、实义动词。有第三人称单数和时态的变化,后面可加带to的不定时。
• 情态动词的用法:
• 一般现在时:He need come here early.(他需要早点来这)
• 否定式:He needn't come here early.(他不需要早点来这)
• 提问:Need he come here early?(他需要早点来这吗?)
• yes, he need./ No. he needn't.
• 一般现在时:He need come here early.(他需要早点来这)
• 否定式:He needn't come here early.(他不需要早点来这)
• 提问:Need he come here early?(他需要早点来这吗?)
• yes, he need./ No. he needn't.
• 实义动词的用法:
• 一般现在时:He needs to come here early.(他需要早点来这。)
• 否定式:He doesn't need to come here early.(他不需要早点来这)
• 提问:Does he need to come here early? (他需要早点来这吗?)
• yes,he does./ No he doesn't
• 一般现在时:He needs to come here early.(他需要早点来这。)
• 否定式:He doesn't need to come here early.(他不需要早点来这)
• 提问:Does he need to come here early? (他需要早点来这吗?)
• yes,he does./ No he doesn't
回答must和have to的提问句时,否定式使用needn't,don't have to 等回答方式
1. Must I come here early tomorrow?(我明天必须早点来这吗?)
a. No, you needn't / don't have to (不需要,不必)
b. 回答must的时候不能用mustn't强调语气进行回答
a. No, you needn't / don't have to (不需要,不必)
b. 回答must的时候不能用mustn't强调语气进行回答
1. Used to/ would 表示过去习惯性的动作,可翻译为过去常常...
a. Used to 可指过去的状态或情况,would则不能。
a. Used to 可指过去的状态或情况,would则不能。
• 示例:
• The novel used to be popular.
• 这个小说过去很受欢迎
• The novel used to be popular.
• 这个小说过去很受欢迎
Would 表示反复发生的动作。如果某一个动作没有反复性。就不能用would,只能用used to
1. He would practice English.every day
a. 它过去每天都学英语
2. I used to live in America
a. 我过去住在美国
a. 它过去每天都学英语
2. I used to live in America
a. 我过去住在美国
Used to 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态现在已经结束,would则表示有可能再发生。
1. People used to believe that the earth was flat.
a. 人们过去常常相信地球是圆的
2. He would go to the park as soon as he was free.
a. 他只要有时间就常常去公园。
a. 人们过去常常相信地球是圆的
2. He would go to the park as soon as he was free.
a. 他只要有时间就常常去公园。
情态动词否定和疑问
情态动词的否定:情态动词+not+v原型
1. He can't sing an English song.
a. 他不会唱英文歌。
2. He may not know her.
a. 他不认识她
3. He mustn't go there.
a. 他不准去那
4. He doesn't have to go there.
a. 他不必去那。
a. 他不会唱英文歌。
2. He may not know her.
a. 他不认识她
3. He mustn't go there.
a. 他不准去那
4. He doesn't have to go there.
a. 他不必去那。
使用情态动词进行提问,情态动词+主语+v原型
1. Can he sing an English song?(他会唱英文歌吗?)
a. Yes, he can./ No, he can't.
2. Must he go there?(他必须去那吗?)
a. Yes, he must./ No, he needn't.
3. Does he have to go there?(他必须去那吗?)
a. Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
a. Yes, he can./ No, he can't.
2. Must he go there?(他必须去那吗?)
a. Yes, he must./ No, he needn't.
3. Does he have to go there?(他必须去那吗?)
a. Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
情态动词+have+p.p. 现在完成时
表示过去的事实,已经完成(助动词should例外)
1. He can/could have arrived.
a. 他可能已经到了。
2. He may/might have arrived.
a. 他可能已经到了
3. He must have arrived.
a. 他准是已经到了。
a. 他可能已经到了。
2. He may/might have arrived.
a. 他可能已经到了
3. He must have arrived.
a. 他准是已经到了。
should+have+p.p.:本应该... needn't have+p.p:本不需要...
1. He should have arrived.
a. 他本来应该到了
2. They should have finished the work.
a. 他本来应该已经完成工作了
3. You needn't have done so.
a. 你本来不需要这么做的。
a. 他本来应该到了
2. They should have finished the work.
a. 他本来应该已经完成工作了
3. You needn't have done so.
a. 你本来不需要这么做的。
must have p.p.:准是已经。 can't have p.p.: 不可能已经
1. He must have arrived.
a. 他准是已经到了
2. He can't have arrived.
a. 他不可能已经到了。
a. 他准是已经到了
2. He can't have arrived.
a. 他不可能已经到了。
被动语态(被动语态的构成和含义)
被动语态构成:be+动词的过去分词(p.p.)...by some body.
• 例句:
• He is taken to america by his mother.
• 他被他的妈妈带到了美国。
• He is taken to america by his mother.
• 他被他的妈妈带到了美国。
动语态的各种时态
1. The information is needed by us.(be动词is加need的过去分词needed)
a. 这个信息被我们需要。
2. The book was being read by him.
a. 这本书正在被他们阅读
3. The computer has been used by her.
a. 这个电脑已经被她用过了
4. The room will be cleaned.
a. 这个房间将会被打扫。
5. The computer could have been used by them.
a. 这个电脑可能已经被他们用过了
a. 这个信息被我们需要。
2. The book was being read by him.
a. 这本书正在被他们阅读
3. The computer has been used by her.
a. 这个电脑已经被她用过了
4. The room will be cleaned.
a. 这个房间将会被打扫。
5. The computer could have been used by them.
a. 这个电脑可能已经被他们用过了
被动语态和情态动词结合
被动语态也可以和情态动词结合:can/could + be + 动词过去分词
• may/might、must/have to、should/ought to、had better/would rather、used to/would、need+doing/to be + 动词过去分词p.p
• may/might、must/have to、should/ought to、had better/would rather、used to/would、need+doing/to be + 动词过去分词p.p
• 例句:
• The food could be taken away.
• 食品可以被带走
• The food might be taken away.
• 食品可以被带走
• The food must be taken away.
• 食品必须被带走
• The food should be taken away.
• 食品应该被带走。
• The food needs taking away.
• 食品需要被带走
• The food had better be taken.
• 食品最好被带走
• Books used to be returned in two days.
• 书常常在两天内被归还。
• The food could be taken away.
• 食品可以被带走
• The food might be taken away.
• 食品可以被带走
• The food must be taken away.
• 食品必须被带走
• The food should be taken away.
• 食品应该被带走。
• The food needs taking away.
• 食品需要被带走
• The food had better be taken.
• 食品最好被带走
• Books used to be returned in two days.
• 书常常在两天内被归还。
被动语态(3)by+行为者可省略
动作的行为者不分明,或不重要,或上下文中提到了行为者时,by+行为者可以省略
1. The information is needed.
a. 信息被需要。
2. The book is being read.
a. 这本书正在被阅读
3. The door was opened.
a. 这个门被打开了。
a. 信息被需要。
2. The book is being read.
a. 这本书正在被阅读
3. The door was opened.
a. 这个门被打开了。
.被动语态的疑问句
被动语态的一般疑问句:助动词+主语+(其它助动词)+动词过去分词
1. - Is the information needed by him?(将be动词is提到最前边作助动词)
a. 信息被他需要吗?
b. Yes,it is./ No,it isn't.
2. -- Has the computer been used by her? (现在完成时,将助动词has提到最前边)
a. 电脑已经被她用过了吗?
b. yes,it has./No, it hasn't
3. -- Will the room be cleaned? (将will提到最前边)
a. 房间会被打扫吗?
b. yes, it will./ No, it won't.
a. 信息被他需要吗?
b. Yes,it is./ No,it isn't.
2. -- Has the computer been used by her? (现在完成时,将助动词has提到最前边)
a. 电脑已经被她用过了吗?
b. yes,it has./No, it hasn't
3. -- Will the room be cleaned? (将will提到最前边)
a. 房间会被打扫吗?
b. yes, it will./ No, it won't.
被动语态的特殊疑问句:疑问词+助动词+主语+(其它助动词)+动词过去分词
1. The information is needed by them.
a. 提问:What is needed by them?(什么被他们需要?使用what提问)
2. The girl is taken to America.
a. 提问:Where is the girl taken?(女孩被带到了哪里?使用where提问)
3. The book has been read three times.
a. 提问:How many times has the book been read?(这本书已经被读多少遍了?)
a. 提问:What is needed by them?(什么被他们需要?使用what提问)
2. The girl is taken to America.
a. 提问:Where is the girl taken?(女孩被带到了哪里?使用where提问)
3. The book has been read three times.
a. 提问:How many times has the book been read?(这本书已经被读多少遍了?)
非谓语动词
to+动词原形vs.动词原形+ing
动词不定式:由to+动词原形构成。可以做主语,宾语,宾补,定语,表语和状语
主语
1. To get there by bike will take us an hour. (to get there by bike 作主语)
a. 骑自行车到那将会花掉我们一个小时时间。
宾语
2. The driver failed to see the car in time.
a. 司机没有及时看见那辆车。
宾补
3. We believe him to be guilty.
a. 我们相信他是有罪的。
定语:
4. The next train to arrive is from seoul。(to arrive是定语成分)
a. 下一趟火车是来自首尔的
表语和状语:
5. My suggestion is to put off the meeting.
a. 我的建议是推迟这个会议
6. I come here only to say goodbye to you.
a. 我来这只是和你说再见。
1. To get there by bike will take us an hour. (to get there by bike 作主语)
a. 骑自行车到那将会花掉我们一个小时时间。
宾语
2. The driver failed to see the car in time.
a. 司机没有及时看见那辆车。
宾补
3. We believe him to be guilty.
a. 我们相信他是有罪的。
定语:
4. The next train to arrive is from seoul。(to arrive是定语成分)
a. 下一趟火车是来自首尔的
表语和状语:
5. My suggestion is to put off the meeting.
a. 我的建议是推迟这个会议
6. I come here only to say goodbye to you.
a. 我来这只是和你说再见。
动词原形+ing 可作动名词使用,具有动词的特征和变化形式,但在句子中的用法及功能类同名词:在句子可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语。
1. Reading is an art.
a. 阅读是一门艺术。
2. They went on walking and never stopped talking.
a. 他走路从未停止过讲话。
3. Your task is quickly cleaning the window.
a. 你的任务是快速清理窗户
4. 、This is a reading room.
a. 这是一个阅读室。
a. 阅读是一门艺术。
2. They went on walking and never stopped talking.
a. 他走路从未停止过讲话。
3. Your task is quickly cleaning the window.
a. 你的任务是快速清理窗户
4. 、This is a reading room.
a. 这是一个阅读室。
假主语(形式主语)/真主语/不定式/动名词的否定式
to不定式或动名词可以在主语的位置上,但一般用it代替它作形式主语,这种情况it叫形式主语
• 例句
• It is a greate honor to be invited.
• 被邀请很荣幸
• 这句话也可以替换为:to be invited is a great honor.(没有it作形式主语)
• It is no use crying over spilt milk.
• 为打翻的牛奶哭泣是没有用的。
• It is a greate honor to be invited.
• 被邀请很荣幸
• 这句话也可以替换为:to be invited is a great honor.(没有it作形式主语)
• It is no use crying over spilt milk.
• 为打翻的牛奶哭泣是没有用的。
在宾语的位置上,用it代替它形式宾语,这种情况it叫形式宾语。
1. I think it important to learn English. (it作形式宾语)
a. 我认为学习英语很重要
2. I found it pleasant walking in the park.
a. 我觉得在公园里散步很愉快。
a. 我认为学习英语很重要
2. I found it pleasant walking in the park.
a. 我觉得在公园里散步很愉快。
对动名词或不定式进行否定时,在不定时或动名词前加not否定就可以了。
1. He pretended not to see her.
a. 他假装没有看见她
2. He regrets not joining them.
a. 他后悔没有加入他们。
a. 他假装没有看见她
2. He regrets not joining them.
a. 他后悔没有加入他们。
to不定式表示目的
in order to + v 表示目的。so as to +v 也表示目的
• 由in order to 引导的目的状语,置于句首,句尾均可
• 由so as to引导的目的状语只能放在句子尾部。
• 由in order to 引导的目的状语,置于句首,句尾均可
• 由so as to引导的目的状语只能放在句子尾部。
1. I have written it down in order to remember it.
a. 我已经把它写下来了,目的是为了记住它
2. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
a. 他大声呼喊目的是为了被注意到
a. 我已经把它写下来了,目的是为了记住它
2. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
a. 他大声呼喊目的是为了被注意到
它们的否定形式分别在to的前边加not.
- I have written it down in order not to forget it.
- 我已经把它卸下来了,目的是不忘掉它
- He said nothing so as not to be noticed.
- 他什么也没说,目的是为了不被注意到。
常见的不定式和动名词
包含不定式和动名词的一些固定结构
1. too - to ...:太... 以至于不能...
a. The room is too small to live.(房间太小以至于不能住)
2. enough + n + to + v/ adj +enough + to +v:足够... 可以...
a. There is enough food to eat. (有足够的食物来吃)
b. The box is big enough to contain six apple.(这个盒子很大,足够装六个苹果)
3. On -ing:一... 就...
a. On seeing the snake, the girl was very frightened.(一看到蛇,女孩就非常害怕)
4. There is no hope of ~ ing:没希望...
a. There is no hope of seeing him.
ⅰ. 没有希望看到他了
5. feel like -ing:想要
a. I feel like eating ice cream now.]
ⅰ. 我现在想要吃冰淇淋。
6. have a hard time -ing:做~艰难
a. They have a hard time solving the problem themselves.
ⅰ. 他们自己解决这个问题很困难。
a. The room is too small to live.(房间太小以至于不能住)
2. enough + n + to + v/ adj +enough + to +v:足够... 可以...
a. There is enough food to eat. (有足够的食物来吃)
b. The box is big enough to contain six apple.(这个盒子很大,足够装六个苹果)
3. On -ing:一... 就...
a. On seeing the snake, the girl was very frightened.(一看到蛇,女孩就非常害怕)
4. There is no hope of ~ ing:没希望...
a. There is no hope of seeing him.
ⅰ. 没有希望看到他了
5. feel like -ing:想要
a. I feel like eating ice cream now.]
ⅰ. 我现在想要吃冰淇淋。
6. have a hard time -ing:做~艰难
a. They have a hard time solving the problem themselves.
ⅰ. 他们自己解决这个问题很困难。
现在分词/过去分词,分词。
v + ing可称之为动名词,也可称为现在分词。
• Writing books is his job.
• 写书是他的工作
• He is writing a book.
• 写书是他的工作
• He is writing a book.
动词的p.p.形式可称之为动词的过去分词,用在完成时和被动语态当中。
• He has written the homework.
• 他已经写完了作业
• The homework is written.
• 作业被写完了
• 他已经写完了作业
• The homework is written.
• 作业被写完了
分词句是包含现在分词和过去分词的分局。
• The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
• 学生们谈笑着从教室出去了。
• Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.
• 被他的朋友伴随着去了火车站。
• 学生们谈笑着从教室出去了。
• Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.
• 被他的朋友伴随着去了火车站。
使役动词
使役动词,表示:使/让....。have、make、let做使役动词,构成形式为:have/make/let+宾语+v He made me laugh.(他让我笑) I let him go. (我让他走) Please have him come here.(请让他来这)
get和help都做使役动词,get的使役动词句为”get+宾语+to+v“,help的使役动词句为”help+宾语+to+v“
I can't get anyone to do the work properly.(我找不到合适的人做这个工作)
I helped him (to) repair the car.(我帮他修好了车)
I helped him (to) repair the car.(我帮他修好了车)
)所有使役动词+宾语+过去分词,表示“让某物/人被别人.....”
1. I must get my hair cut.(我必须得去剪头发了)
2. He couldn't make himself heard.(他听不到自己)
3. Can you get the work finished in time?(你能及时完成这个工作吗)
2. He couldn't make himself heard.(他听不到自己)
3. Can you get the work finished in time?(你能及时完成这个工作吗)
感官动词
感官动词see/watch/observe/notice/hear/smell/taste/feel+宾语+动词原形/现在分词
a)+动词原形,表示动作的真实性;
b)+现在分词,表示动作的连续性,进行性。
a)+动词原形,表示动作的真实性;
b)+现在分词,表示动作的连续性,进行性。
I saw him workin the garden yesterday.(我昨天看见他在公园里工作)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(我昨天看见他在公园里正在工作)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(我昨天看见他在公园里正在工作)
和使役动词相似,感官动词后可接过去分词,感官动词+宾语+过去分词。
•Trumpsawthemanknockeddownbythecar.
•川普看见了一个人被锁在了车里。
•川普看见了一个人被锁在了车里。
假设
只单纯表示条件
条件状语从句。用“if”引导条件状语从句,从句为现在时,通常翻译为“如果。。。”
•Ifyougetupearly,youwillcatchupwiththetrain.
•如果你起得早,你就会赶上那辆火车。
•如果你起得早,你就会赶上那辆火车。
If引导的条件状语从句,可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾
•句首:Ifyouaskhim,hewillhelpyou.
•如果你询问他,他就会帮助你
•句尾:Shewillbeupsetifyoufailtheexam.
•她将会很伤心,如果你考试失败了。
•如果你询问他,他就会帮助你
•句尾:Shewillbeupsetifyoufailtheexam.
•她将会很伤心,如果你考试失败了。
与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
if从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设,和现在事实相反的。主从句时态具体如下。
从句:动词过去时(be用were)
主句:would/could/should/might+动词原形
主句:would/could/should/might+动词原形
示例:
1.IfIwereyou,Iwouldjointhem.
a.如果我是你,我会加入他们(与现在事实相反,“假设如果我是你”)
2.Shewouldcomewithyouifyouinvitedher.
a.她会跟你来,如果你邀请她。
1.IfIwereyou,Iwouldjointhem.
a.如果我是你,我会加入他们(与现在事实相反,“假设如果我是你”)
2.Shewouldcomewithyouifyouinvitedher.
a.她会跟你来,如果你邀请她。
与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
if从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设,和过去事实相反的。
- 主从句的时态具体如下:
- 主句:would/could/should/might+have+动词过去分词
- 从句:had+动词过去分词
- If I had got there earlier, I should have met her.
- 如果我早点到,我应该会遇见她(与过去事实相反,他之前没有早点到)
- If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
- 如果他采纳我的意见,他不会犯这样一个错误。
wish/asif+过去时/过去完成时
wish后面的从句,翻译为:“希望...就好了”,是不可能实现的假设。
•与现在事实相反的愿望
•I wish I were as tall as you.(一般过去时)
•我希望我像你一样高(与现在阐述但事实相反,他没有像他一样高)
•He wished he hadn't said that.(过去完成时)
•他希望他没有说过那些。
•将来不大可能实现的愿望
•I wish it would rain tomorrow.(would/should/could)
•我希望明天不会下雨。(将来不太可能发生的事)
•I wish I were as tall as you.(一般过去时)
•我希望我像你一样高(与现在阐述但事实相反,他没有像他一样高)
•He wished he hadn't said that.(过去完成时)
•他希望他没有说过那些。
•将来不大可能实现的愿望
•I wish it would rain tomorrow.(would/should/could)
•我希望明天不会下雨。(将来不太可能发生的事)
asif:翻译为“看起来好像...”
•如果从句表示与现在事实相反。
•you look as if you didn't care
•你看起来好像不在乎
•从句表示与过去事实相反
•He talks about Rome asif hehad beenthere before.
•他谈起关于罗马的事情好像他之前已经去过
•从句表示与将来事实相反。
•He opened his mouth as if he would say something.
•他张开嘴好像要说些什么。
•you look as if you didn't care
•你看起来好像不在乎
•从句表示与过去事实相反
•He talks about Rome asif hehad beenthere before.
•他谈起关于罗马的事情好像他之前已经去过
•从句表示与将来事实相反。
•He opened his mouth as if he would say something.
•他张开嘴好像要说些什么。
定语从句
简介、
定语从句:在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,叫先行词。其后面的从句就是定语从句,由关系词(关系代词或者关系副词)引出。
【关系代词】that、who、which、whom
关系代词,在从句中做一定的成分,代替先行词,起到连接先行词和从句的作用。
常用关系代词:that、who、which、whom、whose
•The girl whom/that I spoke to is my cousin.
和我说话的那个女孩是我的表妹。
和我说话的那个女孩是我的表妹。
•先行词是人的话用that、who、whom、whose来引导定语从句。
•whom在从句中作宾语
•who和that在从句中即可作主语又可作宾语
a.They are the people that/who were seen yesterday.
ⅰ.他们是昨天看见的人
b.They are the people whom/that/who I saw yesterday.
ⅰ.他们是昨天我看见的人
c.They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday.
i.他们是昨天丢钱包的人
•whom在从句中作宾语
•who和that在从句中即可作主语又可作宾语
a.They are the people that/who were seen yesterday.
ⅰ.他们是昨天看见的人
b.They are the people whom/that/who I saw yesterday.
ⅰ.他们是昨天我看见的人
c.They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday.
i.他们是昨天丢钱包的人
•先行词是动物/事物的话,用which、that、whose来引导定语从句
•which、that在从句中可作主语和宾语,作宾语时可以省略
a.He came back for the book which/that he had for gotten.
ⅰ.他为了那本已经忘记的书回来了
b.He came back for the book which/that was on the desk.
ⅰ.他为了那本放在桌子上的书回来了
c.This is the chair whose legs were broken.
ⅰ.这是腿坏掉的椅子
•which、that在从句中可作主语和宾语,作宾语时可以省略
a.He came back for the book which/that he had for gotten.
ⅰ.他为了那本已经忘记的书回来了
b.He came back for the book which/that was on the desk.
ⅰ.他为了那本放在桌子上的书回来了
c.This is the chair whose legs were broken.
ⅰ.这是腿坏掉的椅子
下面表格式关系代词的形式,可以代替什么成分,在句子中作什么语
关系副词when、where、why
•why:用于修饰表示原因的名词(eg.thereason)
•We don't know the reason why he didn't show up
•我们不知道他没有出现的原因。
•When:修饰表示时间的名词(eg.nextweek)
•We'll put off the picnic until next week,when the weather may be better
•我们推迟了野餐,直到下周天气变好的时候。
•Where:修饰表示地点的名词(eg.theplace)
•We don't know the place where he lives.
•我们不知道他住的那个地方。
•We don't know the reason why he didn't show up
•我们不知道他没有出现的原因。
•When:修饰表示时间的名词(eg.nextweek)
•We'll put off the picnic until next week,when the weather may be better
•我们推迟了野餐,直到下周天气变好的时候。
•Where:修饰表示地点的名词(eg.theplace)
•We don't know the place where he lives.
•我们不知道他住的那个地方。
宾语从句连词
宾语从句:在句子中起宾语作用的从句
从属连词:that、if、whether
连接代词:who、whom、whose、what
连接副词:when、where、why、how
•He told me(that) he would go to college the next year.
•他告诉我明年回去大学
连接代词:who、whom、whose、what
连接副词:when、where、why、how
•He told me(that) he would go to college the next year.
•他告诉我明年回去大学
从属连词:that、if、whether
- He said that he was there yesterday.
- 他说他昨天在那
- He doesn't know if/whether he was there.
- 他不知道他是否在那
连接代词:who、whom、whose、what
1.
1.
1.Do you know who has won the game?
a.你知道是谁赢了游戏吗
2.Do you know whom he likes?
a.你知道他喜欢谁嘛?
3.Do you know whose book it is?
a.你知道书是谁的嘛,他是谁的书
4.Do you know what he is looking at?
a.你知道他在看什么吗
a.你知道是谁赢了游戏吗
2.Do you know whom he likes?
a.你知道他喜欢谁嘛?
3.Do you know whose book it is?
a.你知道书是谁的嘛,他是谁的书
4.Do you know what he is looking at?
a.你知道他在看什么吗
连接副词:when、where、why、how
1.He wants to know when the party is.
a.他想知道聚会是什么时候
2.He wants to know where the party is.
a.他想知道聚会在哪里
3.He wants to know why they have a party.
a.他想知道他们什么时候聚会
4.He wants to know how they come.
a.他想知道他们怎么来
a.他想知道聚会是什么时候
2.He wants to know where the party is.
a.他想知道聚会在哪里
3.He wants to know why they have a party.
a.他想知道他们什么时候聚会
4.He wants to know how they come.
a.他想知道他们怎么来
比较级&最高级
1.通常在形容词和副词后面加“er“,”est“
a.hard-harder-the hardest
2.词尾是不发音的单音节e时,加“r“,”st“
a.nice-nicer-the nicest
3.词尾是辅音+y的双音节时,去掉“y”加“ier”,“iest”
a.dry-drier-thedriest
4.以一个辅音结尾的重读闭音节时,双写最后一个字母,加“er”,“est”
a.hot-hotter-thehottest
5.多音节和双音节,在形容词和副词前面加
a.程度加强:“more”“the most”
b.程度减弱:“less”“the least”
ⅰ.interesting-more/less interesting
ⅱ.the most/the least interesting
6.不规则变化:good-better-thebestmany-more-themost
a.hard-harder-the hardest
2.词尾是不发音的单音节e时,加“r“,”st“
a.nice-nicer-the nicest
3.词尾是辅音+y的双音节时,去掉“y”加“ier”,“iest”
a.dry-drier-thedriest
4.以一个辅音结尾的重读闭音节时,双写最后一个字母,加“er”,“est”
a.hot-hotter-thehottest
5.多音节和双音节,在形容词和副词前面加
a.程度加强:“more”“the most”
b.程度减弱:“less”“the least”
ⅰ.interesting-more/less interesting
ⅱ.the most/the least interesting
6.不规则变化:good-better-thebestmany-more-themost
形容词或副词的比较级:表示“比较....”
1.Heistallerthanhisbrother.
a.他比他的哥哥更高
2.Thebookismoreexpensivethanthepen.
a.这本书比钢笔更贵
3.HerEnglishisbetterthanhis.
a.他比他的哥哥更高
2.Thebookismoreexpensivethanthepen.
a.这本书比钢笔更贵
3.HerEnglishisbetterthanhis.
形容词的最高级:表示,”最....“
- He is the tallest in his class.
- 他在班里是最高的
- The book is the most expensive of the three.
- 那本书是三个当中最贵的
- Her English is the best among the three.
- 她的英语是三个人当中最最好的。
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