小学英语语法思维导图
2021-07-22 10:56:19 2 举报
AI智能生成
小学英语的语法
作者其他创作
大纲/内容
一、名词
名词的分类
1. 专有名词
人名
James Smith
地名
New York
机构名
Peking University
星期
Sunday
月份
January
节日
Spring Festival
学科
English
其他
The Times (时代周刊 杂志名)
2. 普通名词
可数名词
个体名词
表示某类人或物的个体
student, apple
集体名词
表示若干个体组成的集合体
class,family
不可数名词
物质名词
表示无法分为个体的物质名词
water,hair, rice,sand
抽象名词
示情感,状态,品质等抽象名词
love,sad,pain
名词的数
可数名词
单数
复数
复数形式的构成
一般情况: +s
清辅音结尾[s]
books, cups, cats
浊辅音结尾[z]
dogs, birds, arms
元音结尾[z]
days, players
-s/-sh/-ch/-x/-z结尾:+es
[iz] buses, brushes, watches, boxes, quizes
以-o结尾有生命的名词:es
[z] tomatoes, potatoes, heroes
以-o结尾无生命的名词: s
[z] radios, pianos, photos
辅音字母+y 结尾: y变i +es
[z] stories, families, babies
以-f/-fe结尾:变f/fe为v +es
[z] thieves, knives, wives
不规则名词的复数
变化元音字母:man→men; woman→women; tooth→teeth; foot→feet; mouse→mice;
加-en:child→children;ox→oxen
单复数一样:sheep; deer; fish(复数也可以是fishes)
二、代词
人称代词
第一人称:主格—— i;宾格——me
主格:用在句首做主语
宾格:用在动词后做宾语
第二人称:主格——you;宾格——you
第三人称:主格—— she/he/it;宾格——her/him/it
复数:主格——we/you/they;宾格——us/you/them
物主代词
形容词性物主代词:表示“某人的什么”:My、Your、Her、His、Its、Our、Their
名词性物主代词:表示“某人的”: mine、yours、hers、his、its、ours、theirs
所有格
所有格的形式
单数人称名词 + 's:child→child's
-s 结尾的单数人称名词 + 's:waitress→waitress's
不规则复数人称名词 + 's:children→children's
-s 结尾的复数人称名词 + ' :girls→girls'
-s 结尾的人名 + 's :James→James's
of 结构:
1. 指东西的XX(没有现成的复合名词):the book of the film
2. 指东西的一部分:the bottom of the box
3. 指抽象的概念:the price of the apples
4. 当 of 后面跟的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时:Can you look at the book of the boy brhind you?
双重所有格:即 's 结构用于 of 结构之后。如:a friend of my father's;a sister of yours;the son of mine.
三、冠词
不定冠词 a、an(只能用于单数可数名词前)
1. 表示“一个”、“任何一个”或“不管哪一个”的意思:I have a sister and two brothers.
2. 表示频率或度量单位:We have PE lessons three times a week.
3. 用在单数表语名词前,表示职业、行业、宗教、等:Jenny wants to be a teacher.
4. 用在what引导的感叹句中:What a cold snowy day!
5. 一些常用短语:have a good time/ half an hour/ have a headache/
定冠词 the (可用于单数可数名词、复数可数名词、不可数名词前)
1.表示特指,即“不是别的,就是那个”:The girl with a red cap is Susan.
2.表示双谈双方都知道的:The dog is sick. (双方都知道是哪只狗)
3.前文提到了,后文又提到:There is a bird in the tree, the bird is red.
4.表示世界上唯一的事物:The Great Wall is a wonder.
5.用在方位名词前:the north of the Yangtze River
6.用在在序数词和形容词最高级前:Who's the first?
7.用在乐器前:play the piano、play the guitar、play the violin
8.用在河流、山脉、海洋前:the Mount Everest珠穆朗玛峰、the Yangtze River长江、the Nile尼罗河
9.普通名词组成专有名词前面须加 the:the Great Wall长城、the Nine Dragon Wall九龙壁
10.the + 姓氏的复数,表示某某一家人:the Lees 姓李的一家人;the Sawyers索耶一家人
11.same前要加 the:We are twins, but we don't look the same.
12.习语:in the way挡道,碍事;make the bed 铺床;in the end最后;all the time一直; by the way 顺便说一声;on the way 在路上
零冠词
1.【泛指的抽象名词】前:Life is very hard for some people.
2.【泛指的物质名词】前:Water is very useful.
3.【泛指的复数名词】前:Books are my best friends.
4.【泛指的“餐”名】前:have dinner/ have breakfast/ have lunch
5.大多数的【专有名词】前:He comes from France.
6.【语言】的名词前:She can speak English
7.【季节、节日】名词前:Winter is the best time for skating.
8. 当名词前【有代词修饰】时:My brother is a soldier.
9.【体育项目名词】前:play football; play tennis; play basketball
10.习语:at home; go to school; at night
四、动词
1.动词分类
系动词
Be动词:am/is/are; was/were; been; being; to be
感官动词:feel、look、smell、sound、taste、seem、appear、
“变得”:get 、become、turn、grow、fall、go、come、run、prove、turn out
“保持”:stand、remain、keep、rest (Rest assured.请放心)
情态动词
can/could;may/might;must;dare;need;shall/should;will/would;ought to/ought not to;
实义动词
2.动词的基本形式
原形
第三人称单数
1.一般在动词原形后+s:works/ learns/ eats/ needs/ says
2.以s/x/ch/sh/o结尾+es:passes/ fixes/ watches/ washes/ goes
3.以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i+es:carries/ studies/ flies/ hurries/ cries
过去式
1.一般在动词后+ed:looked/ washed/ passed/ stayed/ called/ needed
2.以e结尾的动词+d:lived/ hoped/ liked
3.辅音字母+y结尾的动词,变y为 i 再+ed:studied/ tried/ carried
4.重读闭音节且末尾只有一个辅音字母时,双写最后一个辅音字母+ed:stopped/ dropped/ planned/ adimitted/ permitted
5.以r音节结尾且末尾只有一个r,须双写r 加ed: preferred
过去分词
现在分词
1.一般情况 +ing: doing/ asking/ helping
2.以不发音的e结尾,去e再加ing: having/ taking/ writing/ living/
3.重读闭音节且末尾只有一个辅音字母时,双写最后一个辅音字母+ing:running/ swimming/ putting/ sitting
3.动词的时态
①一般现在时(work/works)
表示人或事物目前的的情况或状态:The soop tastes good.
表示经常性、习惯性动作,常与时间副词连用(always/ often/ usually/ every.../ on Sundays/ twice a week): I get up at six every day.
表示客观现实:The earth goes around the sun.
②现在进行时(am/is/are working)
表示正在进行的动作或正在发生的事,多与这些词连用:now/ these days/ look / listen
表示将来的动作,多用于已经计划好的事: I'm flying to Hong Kong tomorrow.
③一般过去时(worked)
表示过去发生的动作:My wife died last year.
表示过去存在的状态:I didn't know her at that time.
用在日常谈话中:Who said it?—这话谁说的? I didn't know you were here.—我不知道你在这儿 I was glad to get your letter.—我很高兴收到你的来信 I thought they were with you.—我以为他们跟你在一起
④一般将来时(am/is/are going to work)
表示将来要发生的事:She will be here at six.
表示“看法”:I think he will come back.
表示未来习惯性动作:Spring will come again.
提出“请求”:Will you marry me?
作出“允诺”:I won't tell anyboby what you said.
表示“同意”:Yes, I will.
五、介词
1.时间介词:at 5 o'clock、in spring、on Saturday、before lunch、after tomorrow、from now on、during the summer holiday、 until yesterday、for two weeks、since then
2.地点介词:in/ at/ acoss/ to/ down/ under/ near/ between/ over/ from/ beside/ behind/ around/ before/ ahead of/ along/ above/ next to
3.其他介词:by/ with/ about/ except/ like/ of/ instead of/ of/ without/ including/ plus/ in/ for
六、数词
1.基数词(表数目)
1-12基数词
13-19基数词(-teen)
20-90基数词(-ty)
21-29基数词(-):twenty-one
百位数:one hundred and nintety-six 196
千位数:five thousand three hundred and eighty-seven 5387
万:ten thousand
2.序数词(表顺序)
第1-第3:first、second、third
第4-第19:基数词 +th
十位数的序数词 (ty 变成 ti 加-eth):twenty—twentieth;forty—fortieth
十位数+个位数:十位数用基数词,个位数用序数词,中间用-连字符:twenty-fourth 第24
百、千、万:one hundredth、one thousandrh
七、形容词+副词
形容词:修饰名词或代词
副词:修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、句子
比较级
比...更... :He runs faster than I.
像...一样(as 形容词 as):Joe is as tall as his father.
双重比较 He is crying harder than harder./ more and more beautiful/
越... 就越... :The harder you work, the luckier you are.
最高级
the + 形容词最高级
八、There be结构
1. some / any:some用于肯定句;any用于否定句
2.Be动词就近原则:There is a pen and two pencils in the box.
3.用于回答特殊疑问句:—What's in the basket? —There are some eggs in it.
九、特殊疑问句
1. What-
2. How-
3.Who-
4.Whose-
5.Which-
6.Where-
7.Why-
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