AP Psychology chapt 1
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"Psychology Themes and Variations" Wayne Weiten
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the scientific study of behavior and mental process
Definition
the view that certain skills and abilities are \"native\" at birth
Nativism
the view that people begin life with their mind as a blank tablet (brought up by font color=\"#2196f3\
Empiricism
Centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development
Debate (aka Nature vs. Nurture)
Debates (Nativism vs. Empiricism)
associated with Rene Descartes
the theory that mind and body are distinct and seperable
Dualism
the belief that everything we perceive are the different manifestations of a single absolute entity
Monism
Debates (Dualism vs. Monism))
Wilhem Wundt (founder of psychology)
Psychology became a recognized science until 1800s
First to use scientific method on psychology
1879-First formal laboratory for psychology
1881- First journal that published psychology research
Wilhelm Wundt
Leading person for Structuralism
Founded a lab at Cornell University
Edward Titchener (student of Wundt)
1883- Created 1st America Journal
1884- Established first research lab at John Hopkins
1892- 1st APA president
Stanley Hall (student of Wundt)
Important people
History
Analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how they relate
Concern consciousness experience such asfont color=\"#2196f3\
Depend on method of introspection: the careful systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience
Structuralism
The critics of Structuralism
Based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness
Believed that psychology should look at function and not just structure
Believed that psychology should explain font color=\"#2196f3\
William James
Functionalism
2 major schools of Psychology
Studied after William James
Was refused the Ph.D she earned from Harvard because she was a female
Founded labs at Wellesley College
Contributed to field of memory
1st APA woman president
Mary Whiton Calkins
1st Ph.D in Psyhology for Women
Wrote \"The Animal Mind\"
2nd woman APA president
Margaret Floy Washburn
Lobbied the US government to establish state hospitals for the mentally ill
Dorothea Dix
1st to use the word \"gifted\" to describe chidlren who scored exceptionally high on IQ tests
Tried to invalidate the untested beliefs about the sexes
Contributed to adolescent development
Hollingworth
Women in field
Driven by sex and aggresion
Importance of early childhood experiences
Unconscious drives conflict and experiences that we may not even have a memory of
Attributed behaviors to 3 reasons
Sigmund Freud
Notice: Psychoanalysis is the same as Psychodynamic
Psychoanalysis
Research developed to the first experimental model of learning: classical conditioning
His research was mostly about salivating dogs
Ivan Pavlov
Stimuli from environment and how individuals response to the stimuli
Believed that psychology should only be about observable events
Experiment: Little Albert Emotional
John B. Watson
Environmental factors mold behavior
Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes
Organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes
B.F Skinner
Behavioral
Free Will and potential for personal growth
Focuses on the present
Being genuine
Theoretical orientation that emphasizes unique qualities of human
Acceptance (unconditioned positive regard)
Genuineness (openness and self-disclosure)
Empathy (being listened to and understood)
Individuals need 3 elements to become a better version of themselves.
Carl Rogers
Individuals strive to meet their needs on their hierarchy with the goal of self-actualization
Maslow
Humanistic
Stresses human thought and the font color=\"#2196f3\
Our actions are a direct result of the way we process information from our environment
He disagreed that intelligence was a fixed trait.
Jean Pioget
A process due to biological maturation and interaction with environment
Cognitive development
Cognitive
Focuses on how our physical make up and the font color=\"#2196f3\
Gathered momentum during 1950s and 1960s
Psychological process relates to brain's structure and system
Can't create or replicate case studies in lab
Finding group of patients with exactly the same symptoms was nearly impossible
Methodological constrains
Subjects of case studies are usually individuals with brain injuries font color=\"#2196f3\
Biological
Theory arised from Charles Darwin's theory
Survival of the fittest
Psychologists see behavior and mental process in term of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction
Focuses on Darwinism
The idea that characteristics of a species evolve in the direction of characteristics that give the fittest organisms a competitive advantage
Natural Selection
Behavior is adaptive and hereditary and cultural
Examine behavior through the idea of natural selection
Evolutionary
Emphasizes the importance of font color=\"#2196f3\
Socialcultural
font color=\"#2196f3\
Biopsychosocial (contemporary psychology)
Different Perspectives
Psychology chap1
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