AP Psychology chapt 1
2021-09-11 15:18:48 9 举报AI智能生成
"Psychology Themes and Variations" Wayne Weiten
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Definition
the scientific study of behavior and mental process
Debates (Nativism vs. Empiricism)
Nativism
the view that certain skills and abilities are "native" at birth
Empiricism
the view that people begin life with their mind as a blank tablet (brought up by John Locke), the mind acquires info through experiences
Debate (aka Nature vs. Nurture)
Centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development
Debates (Dualism vs. Monism))
Dualism
the theory that mind and body are distinct and seperable
associated with Rene Descartes
Monism
the belief that everything we perceive are the different manifestations of a single absolute entity
History
Psychology became a recognized science until 1800s
Wilhem Wundt (founder of psychology)
Important people
Wilhelm Wundt
First to use scientific method on psychology
1879-First formal laboratory for psychology
1881- First journal that published psychology research
Edward Titchener (student of Wundt)
Leading person for Structuralism
Founded a lab at Cornell University
Stanley Hall (student of Wundt)
1883- Created 1st America Journal
1884- Established first research lab at John Hopkins
1892- 1st APA president
2 major schools of Psychology
Structuralism
Analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how they relate
Concern consciousness experience such as sensation and perception in vision, learning and touch
Depend on method of introspection: the careful systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience
Functionalism
The critics of Structuralism
Based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness
William James
Believed that psychology should look at function and not just structure
Believed that psychology should explain how people adapted, or failed to adapt to everyday life out of lab
Proposed the idea that mental process was not static, but a continuous flow of thought
Functionalist began to investigate mental testing, patterns paractices, and behaviorial differences between sexes
Women in field
Mary Whiton Calkins
Studied after William James
Was refused the Ph.D she earned from Harvard because she was a female
Founded labs at Wellesley College
Contributed to field of memory
1st APA woman president
Margaret Floy Washburn
1st Ph.D in Psyhology for Women
Wrote "The Animal Mind"
2nd woman APA president
Dorothea Dix
Lobbied the US government to establish state hospitals for the mentally ill
Hollingworth
1st to use the word "gifted" to describe chidlren who scored exceptionally high on IQ tests
Tried to invalidate the untested beliefs about the sexes
Contributed to adolescent development
Different Perspectives
Psychoanalysis
Attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
Sigmund Freud
Attributed behaviors to 3 reasons
Driven by sex and aggresion
Importance of early childhood experiences
Unconscious drives conflict and experiences that we may not even have a memory of
Notice: Psychoanalysis is the same as Psychodynamic
Behavioral
Ivan Pavlov
Research developed to the first experimental model of learning: classical conditioning
His research was mostly about salivating dogs
John B. Watson
Believed that psychology should only be about observable events
Stimuli from environment and how individuals response to the stimuli
Experiment: Little Albert Emotional
B.F Skinner
Environmental factors mold behavior
Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes
Organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes
Humanistic
Theoretical orientation that emphasizes unique qualities of human
Free Will and potential for personal growth
Focuses on the present
Being genuine
Carl Rogers
Individuals need 3 elements to become a better version of themselves.
Acceptance (unconditioned positive regard)
Genuineness (openness and self-disclosure)
Empathy (being listened to and understood)
Maslow
Individuals strive to meet their needs on their hierarchy with the goal of self-actualization
Cognitive
Stresses human thought and the process of knowing, such as attending, thinking, remembering
Our actions are a direct result of the way we process information from our environment
Cognitions are thoughts, expectations, perceptions, memories, and states of consciousness.
Jean Pioget
He disagreed that intelligence was a fixed trait.
Cognitive development
A process due to biological maturation and interaction with environment
Biological
Focuses on how our physical make up and the operation of our brain influence our personality, preferences, behavior patterns, and abilities.
Behavior is a result of heredity, the nervous system, and endocrine system and environmental impact (eg. Diseases)
Gathered momentum during 1950s and 1960s
Important people: Roger Sperry, Micheal Gazzaniga
Psychological process relates to brain's structure and system
Methodological constrains
Can't create or replicate case studies in lab
Finding group of patients with exactly the same symptoms was nearly impossible
Subjects of case studies are usually individuals with brain injuries resulting from war, accidents, or stroke and Parkinson's diease
Evolutionary
Theory arised from Charles Darwin's theory
Psychologists see behavior and mental process in term of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction
Survival of the fittest
Focuses on Darwinism
All species of organisms arise and develop through natural selection of small inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce
Natural Selection
The idea that characteristics of a species evolve in the direction of characteristics that give the fittest organisms a competitive advantage
Examine behavior through the idea of natural selection
Behavior is adaptive and hereditary and cultural
Socialcultural
Emphasizes the importance of social interaction, social learning, and a cultural perspective
Culture: a complex blend of beliefs, customs, values and traditions developed by a group of people and shared with others in the same environment
Biopsychosocial (contemporary psychology)
Biological influence (genes, hormones, brain)
Psychological influence (emotions, learned information, cognitions)
Social-Cultural influence (other people, family, groups, media)
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