考研英语翻译

科学界

政治家

企业

了解即可

maine 缅因州

Silicon valley 硅谷

Atlantic 大西洋

Pacific Ocean 太平洋

artificial intelligence(AI) 人工智能

结构

翻译顺序

时间状从

原因状从

让步状从

条件状从

目的状从

结果状从

主要表现

基本原则

翻译方法

例句

The social-media impact of the biggest hit in any genre / is
dramatically greater than that of any lesser hit, thanks to network effects

The widespread availability of such recordings / has thus brought
about a crisis [ in the institution of the traditional classical concert ]

2010 英一, Text 3 >
For a social epidemic to occur, however, [ each person so affected ] must
then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence
theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to [ each of
these people (that) has little to do with the initial influential ].

They found that / the pricipal requirement for / what is called "global cascades"
—— the widespread propagation of influence through networks —— is the
presence / not of a few influentials, but , rather , of a critical mass of easily influenced people.

The IASB says / it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure
to fold [ when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year ] is strong

[ The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ] ended on [ a dramatic
note with a sale of 56 works / by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever
at  Sotheby's in London on September 15th 2008. ]

But the market generates interest far beyond its size / because it brings together
great wealth, enormous egos, greed , passion ,and controversy in a way / matched
by few other industries.

[ Almost everyone / who has interviewed for this special report ] said that [ the biggest
problem at the moment / is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. ]

This episode crystallizes the irony / that although American men tend to talk more than
women in public situations, they often talk less at home.

In short, [ the image / that best represents the current crisis ] is the stereotypical cartoon
scene of man sitting at the breakfast table / with a newspaper held up in front of his face,
while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.

The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to —— Procter&Gamble, Golgate-Palmolive
and Unilever —— had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle
cues in consumers' lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines

Many Americans regard the jury system as concrete expression of crucial democratic
values, including the priciples /that all citizens /who meet minimal qualifications of age
and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries

18

19

20

For the time, attention,  and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists
must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and
museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classcial musicians
of the 20th century.

The financial crisis has made it more acceptable / to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.

The way that consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions
means that [ maketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors ] beyond
conventinal paid media.

we define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is strong that other
organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.

Toyota Motor, for examples, alleviated some damage from its recall crisis
/ earlier this year / with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-meida
response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers
directly on sites / such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.

unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder / if they should't have bad kids,
but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that / children are the sigle
most important thing in the world : obviously their misery must be a direct result
of gaping baby-size holes in their lives.

They found that / after a surprise departure, the probability that ( the company
will subsequently have to restate earnig ) increases by rearly 20%.

But the reseachers believe that / outside directors have an easier time of
avoiding a blow to their reputations / if they have firm / before bad news breaks,
even if a review of history shows they were on the board / at the time every
wrongdoing occurred.

The whirlwind / that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,
but much of the damage has been concentrated areas / where newspapers
(that) least distinctive.

we tend to think of ( the decades / immediately following World War Ⅱ ) as the time
of the prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off
to college on the G.I Bill and lining up at the marriage becureaus.

The phrase "less is more" was actually popularized by German , the architect
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, / who like other people associated with the Bauhas,
a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Ⅱ and
took up posts at American archtecture schools.

In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the 
mechanical revolution would impact everyday life——few American families 
acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers (倒装翻译)——
but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was 
widely shared.

Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies，weaker or stronger，
will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency，
which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.

It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, 
among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour;
 in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.

But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that / peer pressure can also 
be a positive force through / what she calls the social cure, / in which organizations and officials 
use the power of group dynamic to help individuals improve their lives and / possibly the world

A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the
discovery of an underground pipe leakage, raised serious quesions about both Vermont
yankee's safety and Entergy's management - espcially after the company made misleading
statements about the pipe.

The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that
states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say the
Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to
be observed and collected by objective reseachers / who use the scientific method to
carry out their work.

As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and the
confrontation between shared and competing belifs about the science and the
technology involved tansforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's
credible discovery.

2012 T4 > Even though there is plenty of evidence / that the quality of the teachers is the 
most important variable, teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones 
and promoting good ones.

2012 T1> But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students / who do not do 
their homework / because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the 
implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children

It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though 
it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls's identity 
to appearance.

It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a 
dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began
to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of ( what defined them as female) , at least for 
the first few critical years.

Critics make three main arguments against gene patents : a gene is a 
product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress 
innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access 
to genetic tests such as Myriad's.

The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests 
that // not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed : 
those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to // where they 
otherwise would have been // if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses 
beneath them that are left behind.

Priestly explains // how the deep blue color of the assistant's sweater descended 
over the years // from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin 
in which // the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

These labels encourage style-conscious consumers // to see clothes as disposable
— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don't advertise that—and to 
renew their wardrobe every few weeks.

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, 
no one knows which half.

In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a
 "do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers
 that they did not want to be followed.

If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen
 an indirect method : There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.

The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is 
dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and 
futurologists to explore // the many possibilities we can envisage.

As so often, the past holds the key to the future : we have now identified enough 
of the long-term patterns // shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to 
make evidence-based forecasts about the situations // in which our descendants will 
find themselves.

In an essay entitled “Making It in America,” the author Adam Davidson relates 
a joke // from cotton country about // just how much a modern textile mill has been 
automated : The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. 
The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away 
from the machines."

Davidson's article is one of  a number of pieces // that have recently appeared making 
the point // that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining 
middle-class incomes today // is largely because of the big drop in demand // because of 
the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and 
the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing 
labor with machines or foreign workers.

But the one thing we know for sure is that // with each advance in globalization and 
the I. T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better 
education to make themselves above average.

In a world // where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to 
support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some 
kind of G. I. Bill for the 21st century // that ensures // that every American has access to 
post-high school education.

Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States 
// came those // who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and 
then go home.

Looking // beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle 
ground and understanding that // managing immigration today requires multiple paths 
and multiple outcomes, // including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the 
existing system.

Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging 
whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to 
react very quickly, within milliseconds.

Scientists have found that // although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a
moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate 
the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.

When women do break through // to the summit of corporate power —— as, for example,
Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook —— they attract massive attention precisely 
because they remain the exception to the rule.

Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and 
start looking for work // will they be eligible for benefit and then // they should report weekly 
rather than fortnightly.

What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for "fundamental fairness"—— protecting 
the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that // only the most deserving claimants received 
their benefits.

Even the very phrase "jobseeker's allowance" is about // redefining the unemployed // as a 
"jobseeker" // who had no fundamental right to a benefit // he or she has earned through 
making national insurance contributions.

There is pressure for change // from within the profession, but opponents of change among 
the regulators insist that // keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers // from the pressure 
to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must 
still be living, has long been outgrown // by the collaborative nature of modern 
research —— as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored //
when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.

In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking 
that // it identify actions // that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, 
universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national 
excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education."

To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in 
research, the crafting of coherent curricula // that improve students' ability to solve 
problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for 
teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the 
great challenges of the day.

Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things 
for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.

Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others // can be seen 
among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the 
pleasure of most things for most people.

Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what // they call the 
"above average effect," or "illusory superiority," and shown that, for example, 70% 
of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at 
getting on well with others —— all obviously statistical impossibilities.

When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, 
jobs // that were once thought to be immune from automation // suddenly become 
threatened.

Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, 
which would have a significant impact // on the ability of registered providers to fund 
new developments from revenues.

At a time // when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality 
and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre // that wealthy aristocratic 
families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one // that 
upsets the old assumption // that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects 
// at the time of their arrest.

Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information 
// in the 21st century // with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life 
in the 20th : The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the 
passenger car // then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital 
information now.

Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said : "The creation of 
the 'statistics board' was motivated by // concerns broadly with the application of statistics and 
data analysis in scientific research and // is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility 
in the research // we publish."

This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a 
larger group of publishing places // that may want to model their approach after Science."

One of the astonishing revelations // was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on 
in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact // that she never inquired how 
the stories arrived.

Researchers measured people's cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and 
while they were at home and found it higher at // what is supposed to be a place of refuge.

With the blurring of roles, and the fact // that the home front lags well behind the workplace //
in making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that // women are more stressed 
at home

This has created "a paradox" // in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching 
many of them fail, means that // higher education has "continued to reproduce and widen, 
rather than close" an  achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing 
beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.

But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting 
that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the 
achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.

Their thesis- that a relatively modest intervention could have a  big impact--was based on 
the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential // but in practical 
knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students.

The "mommy wars" of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about 
why women still can't have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In, whose title 
has become a buzzword in its own right.

In a workplace that's fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office 
speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work- and how your work 
defines who you are.

For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members 
with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was 
through a job that provided health insurance.

It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal // it sends 
women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to 
determine their individual worth.

And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities 
like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or 
wasp-waist physiques.

While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and 
the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has 
limited political support.

Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses 
that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide 
management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.

Their analysis ruled out the possibility // that it was firms' political influence, rather than their 
CSR stand, // that accounted for the leniency (修饰上句的 it): companies // that contributed 
more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.

"We estimate // that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as 
child labour, or increasing corporate giving // by about 20% // results in fines // that 
generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials," 
says one researcher.

The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses, delivery trucks
 —isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time // when online-only competitors don't have the 
same set of financial constraints.

The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd feel like 
they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in.

But we're going to have questions like that // where we have things we're doing // that don't 
make sense // when the market changes and the world changes.

Students also benefit from learning something about coding // before they get to 
college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, 
which can drive the less-experienced or less-determined students away.

In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, 
which are often uneasy with federal action, and with the private landowners who control 
an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken's habitat.

Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses 
that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide 
management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.

Thinking of time as a resource to be maximized means you approach it instrumentally, 
judging any given moment as well spent only in // so far as it advances progress toward 
some goal.

"Carry a book with you at all times" can actually work, too---providing you dip in often enough, 
so that reading becomes the default state from which // you temporarily surface to take care of 
business, before dropping back down

Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize 
personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly 
changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to 
agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, 
and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the 
survey found.

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03,61)
Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the 
environment in which they live, // thus subjecting all other life 
forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

03,62)
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry // which seeks 
to study humans and their endeavors // in the same reasoned,orderly,
 systematic, and dispassioned manner // that natural scientists use for 
the study of natural phenomena

03,63)
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, // combined with 
across-cultural perspective // brought to the analysis of cultures 
past and present,// makes this study a unique and distinctly 
important social science.

03,64)
Tylor defined culture as "…that complex whole // which includes belief, 
art, morals,law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits // acquired
 by man as a member of society."

03,65)
Thus,the anthropological concept of "culture," like the 
concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept 
which makes possible immense amounts of concrete 
research and understanding.

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我要将那些从以苏格拉底方式思考道德问题的活动
选作为他在生活中的首要任务和快乐(乐趣)的人，定义为一个知识分子。

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1-> 2-> 4 ->3
他的作用是类似作为 一个(judge) 评判 法官
一个他必须(accept the obligation)接受 揭露 承担这样的责任的人,
以一种(as obvious as possible)尽可能明显的方式(revealing)揭露他的课堂上质疑他
(led him to his decision) 做出决定的(the course of reasoning)推理过程
的方式，而这也是引领他做出决定的方式 的方式。

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我之所以已将他排除在外，是因为一方面他的成就可能( contribute 
to) 来源于 有助于 道德问题的解决，
但 是   他没 有因为任何研究的 承担的任务(not any but)而是 只不过是
具体 这些问题的 (factual aspects)具体方面 事实层面 而(been charged)被责备。

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但是他的首要任务不是去思考那些管理他行为的道德准则，而(not any more than)不仅仅
就如同不能向一个商人期望于将他 全部  精力致力探索在商业的执行规则一样。

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他们可 能   以教的很好，并且不仅仅为了他们自身的薪水。
但是他们大多数在涉及道德判断的人类问题上少有或者没有自己独立的思考

传统来讲，法律学习在这些（institutions）机构 学校 被视作律视的(special preserve) 特殊培养 特殊权利，
而不是一一个受教育的人的（intellectual equipment）知识 组成 储备所必要的部分。

另一方面，它将这些概念与每天的现实内容相 (link to)  连接 联系，通过一种方法，
与新闻记者在他们(on a daily basis)每天报道和评论这些新闻一样，连接基于每天的基本日常。

但有某个观点表示，(the idea that) 有观点认为新闻记者必须比一般市民更深入的理解法律
(rest on)立足于在(established conventions) 建设的会议 既定规约
和特殊的新媒体责任上的更深入的理解法律。

实际上，还是很困难的理解 很难明白这些对加拿大宪法的基本特征没有(have a clear
grasp)一个明确要点 清晰理解的新闻记者如何(competent job)胜任
政治(stories)内容 新闻上 做出出色 的报道。

虽然来自于律师的评论和反应可能会(enhance stories)增强故事性报道质量，
但对于新闻记者而言，(it is preferable for)更倾向于 最好以他们自身的价值观和做出其自己的判断。

生词短语

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(46) he believes that this very 
difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long 
and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in 
reasoning and in his own observations.

(47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a (long and purely abstract) train 
of thought was very limited, for which reason felt certain that he 
never could have succeeded with mathematics.

(48) On the other hand, he did 
not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, 
while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.

(49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was 
"superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape 
attention, and in observing them carefully."

(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of 
these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to 
the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.

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(46) It may be said that the measure of the 
worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience,
but this effect is not a part of its original motive

(47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only 
more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct 
of the institution.

(48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact 
with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in 
dealing with adults.

(49) Since our chief business with them is 
to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or 
no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.

(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process 
which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education
—— that of direct tuition or schooling.

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(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that 
because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts---and reveal its erroneous nature.

(47) while we may be able
to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we
are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”

(48) This seems a justification for neglect of 
those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at 
the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.

(49) circumstances seem to be designed 
to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then 
we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.

(50) The upside is the possibilities 
contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in 
the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.

可蒙原意思

学会调整语序，熟意引申，可以适当增加额外词语使得连接通顺

要有句子完整结构

只要不各种涂抹，就不会扣分

专有名词

词组

多义词

四大结构

分析

08,50）
I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music. 50) Darwin was 
convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, 
but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to 
the moral character

（0546）Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created 
and conveyed, and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect 
different peoples and nations as in recent events in Europe

（0646）I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary 
duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉
底) way about moral problems

先主后次

分析结构