英语核心语法知识框架学习笔记
2022-10-27 18:06:08 0 举报AI智能生成
英语核心语法知识框架学习笔记
作者其他创作
大纲/内容
词法
名词
专有名词
国家、地名、人 命、团体机构
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词（一类 人或物的个体） compouter
集体名词 （一群人或一 类物的集合体） people
不可数名词
抽象名词 （品质、状态、 行为、情感等） friendship
物质名词 （无法分为个体的物质） water
规则名词的复数变化
一般情况下 词尾+ -s map → maps，sea→seas
以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的名词 + -es class→classes，box→boxes，watch→watches， dish→dishes
以-f 或-fe 结尾的名词
变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es leaf→leaves，thief→thieves，knife→knives， wife→wives，life→lives，self→selves
直接 + -s belief→beliefs，chief→chiefs，proof→proofs， safe→safes
以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词 变 y 为 i + -es city→cities，party→parties，duty→duties， university→universities
以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词，或着专有 名词以 y 结尾的 直接 + -s boy→boys，day→days，Henry→Henrys（表示亨 利一家）
以辅音字母加-o 结尾的名词
+ -es hero→heroes，echo→echoes，tomato→ tomatoes，potato→potat
外来词或缩写 + -s piano→pianos（意大利语），photo→photos （photograph 的缩写）
两者皆可 halo→halos/haloes，zero→zeros/zeroes， volcano→volcanos/volcanoes
以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词 直接 + -s radio→radios，zoo→zoos
以-th 结尾的名词 直接 + -s truth→truths，mouth→mouths，month→ months，path→paths
不规则名词复数形式
变化名词中间的元音 man→men，woman→women，foot→feet，mouse→mice，teeth →tooth
单复数同形 aircraft，fruit，sheep，deer，series，means，works，fish，
只有复数形式 ashes，trousers，clothes，thanks，goods，glasses，compasses
词尾+ -en 变为复数形式 child→children，ox→oxen
一些用作复数的集体名词 people，police，cattle，staff ，audience，youth...
复数形式表示特殊含义 customs（习俗× 海关√），forces（力量× 军队√），time（时间× 时 代√），waters（水× 水域√）...
表示“某国人”
+ -s Americans，Germans，Europeans,
单复数同形式 Swiss，Chinese，Japanese
以-man/woman 结尾→ -men/women Englishman→Englishmen
复合名词
词尾+-s/es，如 afternoon→afternoons，general→generals， forget-me-not →forget-me-nots（勿忘我）
主要成分变为复数，如 bride-to-be→brides-to-be（新娘）
复合名词的第一个词为 man/woman 的，所有名词都变复数形式，如 man teacher→men teachers，woman singer→women singers
专有名词 专有名词一般没有复数形式，但表示人名的专有名词可以有复数形式， 如 the Smiths 史密斯一家，Mikes 叫“迈克”的人们
抽象名词 一般为不可数名词，如 experience，表示为经验的意思时，是不可数名 词，而表示经历的意思时，是可数名词，复数形式为 experiences
名词的属格（所有格）
主格/ 宾格 当名词在句子中做主语、宾语和表语时，通常使用通格（主格和宾格的统称）当名词与其他名 词形成所有、主谓等关系时用属格
属格
名词表示有生 命的东西时 词尾 + -'s /-s/-es
词尾 + -'s /-s/-es
复数名词词尾+’/不规则复 数名词词尾+'s the teachers' room，the twins' mother the children's palace
以 s 结尾的人名加 's/ ' the Jacksons' house Charles's job
表示某人家、店铺名、属格 后的名词常省略 the doctor's the baker's
复合名词作用为一个名词整 体吗，在最后一个词尾+ -'s someone else 's opinion
表示共有的所有关系时 Japan and America's problems
表示各自所有的关系时 Japan's and America's problems
名词表示无生 命的东西时 of +名词 the cover of a book，the color of her dress
of 属格，除了用于无生命的东西以外，还用于名词/所有格的修饰语较多时，如 the very long and pretty dress of that girl，the house of Lucy’s mother-in-law's ，名词化的词，如 the living conditions of the poor ；代词宾格之前，如 three of us
限定词（determiner）
冠词
不定冠词
起类属、概括、个指、泛指、 指量、引导等作用
This is a panda, not a bear. （类属）
A driver is a person who drives vehicles.（概括）
The atom has a nucleus. （指量）
Give me a book.（泛指）
Once upon a time, there is a monk... （引导）
定冠词
特指、个指、概括、类属、指 示
I want the book. （特指）
Have you got the letter I sent you？ （个指）
The tiger is fiercer than the wolf. （概括）
The burnt child dreads the fire. （类属）
I didn't know it at the (=that) time. （指示）
零冠词
概括、类属、泛指
Failure is the mother of success. （泛指）
These are pens, not pencils. （类属）
Water is colorless. （概括）
数词
基数词 (表数目)
one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve...
序数词 (表顺序)
first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth...
代词（pronoun）
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
第一人称
I me my mine myself
we us our ours ourselves
第二人称
you you your yours yourself/ yourselves
第三人称
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its \ itself
they them their theirs themselves
不定代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、缩合关系代词
不定代词
普通
some，somebody，someone，something，any，anybody，anyone，anything， no，nothing，nobody，none，no one，one
个体
every，everybody，everyone，everything，each，other，another，either，neither， both，all
数量
many，much，few，a few，a little，little，a lot of，lots of，a number of
相互代词
each other，one another
指示代词
近指 this，these；远指 that，those；其他指示代词：such，same，so
疑问代词
who，whom，whose，what，which，whatever，whichever，whoever，whomever
关系代词
who，whom，whose，which，that，as
缩合关系代词
who，whoever，whom，whomever，what，whatever，which，whichever
不定代词的用法 TIPS
one 可以泛指任何人，也可以特指，复述为 ones One should learn to think of others.
some 多用于肯定句 I want some water
any 多用于疑问句和否定句 Do you know of any other job？
each 强调个别，代表的数量可以是两个或以上 Each of us has a ticket.
every 强调整体，所指的数量必须是三个或三个以上 Every one of us has a ticket.
none 作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数； 代替可数名词时，谓语用单复数皆可 None of the students are（is) afraid of difficulties.
no no=not any，作定语 There is no water in the bottle.
other 泛指“另外的，别的” He held a book in one hand and a notebook in the other.
another 指“又一个，另一个”无所指 There is another hotel down the street.
all 表示不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数 all+否定词 表示部分否定 All is quiet at night. Not all of the books are written in English.
both both 表示两者都，一般用于肯定句 both+否定词表示部分否定 Both of us are teachers. Not both of us are teachers.
neither 表示全部否定 Neither of us are teachers.
either 表示两者中其中一个 Either answer is right.
形容词（adjective）
形容词位置
修饰 some，any，every，no，以及 和 body、thing、 one 等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent， everything possible
以-able，-ible 结尾的形容词可以放在最高级或 only 修饰的名词后面 the best book available， the only solution possible
alive , alike，awake，aware，asleep 等形容词一 般后置 the only person awake
和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long
成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful
形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with
说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，有比较级的变化；叙述形容词只能作表语，没有比较级的变 化，如 asleep，afraid，awake，alone
复合形容词的构成
adj+n+ed kind-hearted
n+adj world-famous
adj+adj dark-blue
n+现在分词 peace-loving
adj+现在分词 ordinary-looking
n+过去分词 snow-covered
adv+现在分词 hard-working
数词+n+ed three-legged
adv+过去分词 newly-built
数词+n twenty-year
多个形容词修饰同一个名词的先后顺序
代词
冠词前的形容词
冠词指示代 词不定代词 所有格
数词
序数词
基数词
性状形容词
性质状态
大小长短形状
新旧温度
颜色
国籍产地
子主题
材料质地
副词（adverb）
时间副词 soon，now，early，finally，once， recently
频度副词 always，often，frequently，seldom， never
地点副词 here，nearby，outside，upward， above
疑问副词 how，where，when，why
方式副词 hard，well，fast，slowly，excitedly
联加语 副词 besides，however，whereas，therefore， moreover，nevertheless，thus， otherwise，meanwhile
程度副词 almost，nearly，very，fairly，quite， rather
外加语 副词 表示说话人的观点或评价，如 unfortunately
形容词（adj.)和副词(adv.)的比较级变化
单音节adj及少数以-er，-ow结尾的adj和adv+-er， -est 构成比较级和最高级
great-greater-greatest；<br>narrow-narrower-narrowest； <br>clever-cleverer-cleverest；<br>fast-faster-fastest<br>
以-e 结尾的单音节形 adj 和 adv 以及少数以-ble， -ple 结尾的双音节 adj 和 adv，+-r，-st 构成比较级 和最高级
large-larger-largest； <br>able-abler-ablest；<br>simple-simpler-simplest<br>
元音字母发短元音并以辅音字母结尾的单音节形容 词，双写辅音字母+-er，-est
hot-hotter-hottest
以辅音+-y 结尾的 adj 和少数不是由 adj+ly 构成的 adv 要将 y 改为 i +-er，-est
easy-easier-easiest；<br>early-earlier-earliest； <br>happy-happier-happiest<br>
双音节或多音节 adj 和 adv 通常在原级前 +more/most 构成比较级/最高级
beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful； <br>carefully-more carefully-most carefully<br>
少数单音节 adj 也通过在原级前+more/most 构成 比较级和最高级
tired-more tired- most tired；<br> pleased-more pleased-most pleased<br>
特殊 adj 比较级和最高级有两种构成
cruel-crueler/more cruel-cruelest/most cruel <br>often-oftener/more often-oftenest/ most often <br>strict-stricter/more strict-strictest/most strict <br>friendly-friendlier/more friendly - friendliest/most friendly<br>
特殊 adj 和 adv 不规则变化
good/well-better-best；<br>bad/ill-worse-worst；<br> many/much-more-most；<br>little-less-least；<br> far-father/further-farthest/furthest； <br>old-elder/older-eldest/oldest<br>
介词（preposition)
简单介词 about，above，across，after，against，among，around，at，
合成介词 into，onto，out of，throughout，upon，within，without
短语介词 according to，along with，apart from，as for，as to，because of，by means of，in front of，in spite of，instead of，in accordance with，on account of，on behalf of，owing to， due to，together with，up to，with regard to，next to，prior to ...
分词介词 concerning，including，regarding，respecting
二重介词 from under，from behind，from inside， until after，expect in
常用介词区别
表示时间的 in，on，at
at 表示片刻的时间，eg：at 9:00 am
in 表示一段时间，eg：in the morning;
on 一般与日子相关，eg：on Monday
表示时间的 since，from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，
from 指从时间 的某一点开始
表示时间的 in，after
in 指在一段时间之后
after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时 的一段时间中
表示地理位置的 in，on，to
in 表示在某范围内
on 指与什么毗邻
to 指在某环境范围之外
表示”在……上“ on，in
on 表示某物的表面上，如 apple on the tree ；
in 表示占去某物的一部分，如 bird in the tree
表示”穿过“ through，across
through 表示从内部通过过，与 in 相对
across 表示在表面上通过， 与 on 有关
表示 关于 about，on
about 表示涉及到，on 指专门陈述
between & among
between 表示在两者之间
among 用于三者或三者以上的中间
besides & except
besides 指除了……还再加上
except 指除了，减去什么
表示用 的 in with
with 表示具体的工具，
in 表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语 言、声音
as & like
as 意为作为/以……的地位或身份，
like 为像……一样，指情形相似
in & into
in 通常表示位置
into 表示动向，不表示目的地或位置
动词时态（tense）
现在时
一般
表示经常发生的 习惯性动作或目 前所处的状态
do/does
进行
表示现在正在进行的 动作
am/is/are doing
完成
表示动作发生在 过去，但与现在有 关系，说明过去这 个动作对现在的 结果或影响
have/has done
完成进行
表示过去某一时刻开 始的动作或状态一直 延续到现在的某一时 刻，侧重动作的连续性
have/has been doing
过去时
一般
表示过去的动作 或状态
did
进行
表示过去某一时刻或 某一段时间正在进行 的动作
was/were doing
完成
表示过去某一时 刻或某一动作之 前完成的动作或 所处的状态
had done
完成进行时
表示过去某一时刻之 前开始的动作或状态 一直延续到过去的另一个时刻
had been doing
将来时
一般
表示将来的动作 或状态
shall/will do<br>
进行
将来某一段时间正在 进行的动作
shall/will be doing<br>
完成
将来某一时刻或 某一时刻之前完 成的动作或所处 的状态
shall/will have done
完成进行
表示在将来某一时刻 之前开始的一个动作 或状态一直延续到将 来的另一个时刻
have done shall/will have been doing
过去将来时
一般
表示从过去的某 一时刻看将来要 发生的动作或呈 现的状态
should/would do
进行
表示就过去某一时间 而言，将来某一时刻或 某一段时间正在进行 的动作
should/would be doing
完成
表示从过去的某 个时间看过去来 说的将来某以时 刻某动作已完成
should/would have done
完成进行
表示动作从过去某一 时间开始一直延续到 对于过去来说的将来 某一时刻，动作是否继 续下去，由上下文决定
should/would have been doing
例句
一般现在时 He goes to work at 8 o'clock every morning.
一般过去时 Ben went to the library last Sunday.
一般将来时 I will do my best to catch up with them.
现在进行时 She is reading a book.
过去进行时 He was writing last night.
将来进行时 This time next day we will be sitting in the cinema.
现在完成时 I have been here for 2 hours.
过去完成时 We had just had our breakfast when Dan came in.
将来完成时 By the time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
现在完成进行时 I have been looking for you everywhere.
过去完成进行时 At last they got the telegram they had been expecting.
将来完成进行时 By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been reading for hours.
动词被动语态（passive voice）
一般现在时 am/is/are + written
一般过去时 was/were + written
一般将来时 will/shall + written
现在进行时 am/is/are being + written
过去进行时 was/were being + written
现在完成时 have/has been written
过去完成时 had been written
过去将来时 should/would be written
将来完成时 will/would have been written
含由情态动词 can/must/may be written
常用的经典被动句型：
It is said that...
It is asserted that...
It is believe that...
It is generally considered that...
It is well known that...
It was told that...
It is supposed that...
It is reported that...
It is hoped that...
It is reported that...
It must be admitted that...等
主动形式表示被动意义
不及物动词表示被动意义
carry，cut，drive，iron，keep， let，lock，open，pick，read， sell，shut，tear，wash，wear， write...
I was to blame for the mistake. <br>The book sells well. <br>The car rides smoothly.<br>
一些感觉类动词主动表被动
smell，feel，taste，sound...
The toast smells good. <br>This shirt feels soft. <br>These oranges taste nice.<br>
少数动词-ing 进行时表被动
bind，cook，do，owe，print...
The magazine is binding/printing. <br>He paid all that was owing. <br>The meat is cooking.<br>
get，come，go 后面接过去分词，表示被动意义；<br>get 多用于口语和非正式的书面语，强调动作的结果而非动作本身，并常用来表示突发性的/出乎意料的偶然事件。<br>
Mr.Li got promoted at last. <br>They got delayed because of the holiday traffic. <br>The bottoms on my coat came undone. <br>The woman's complaints went unnoticed.<br>
在 need，want，require， deserve... doing 句型中，动名 词相当于动词不定式的被动式
The garden needs watering. → The garden needs to be watered.<br> Tips：bear/stand/be worth +doing 习惯用动名词形式表示被动，如 It's well worth making the effort to learn how to do it. （ be worthy to be done）<br>
某些性质的 adj+动词不定式,， 动词不定式主动表被动
The question is easy to answer.<br> That book is difficult to understand.<br>
有些动词不定式不论是主动还 是被动形式，都于主语形成被 动关系
Nobody was to blame (to be blamed) for this accident. <br>The house is to let (to be let).<br> There are a lot of books to read (to be read). <br>Those cars are to rent (to be rented).<br>
情态动词（modal verb）
非谓语动词（non-finite verb）
动词不定式（infinitive）
动名词（gerund）
分词（participle）
句法
定语从句（attributive clause）
关系代词
who
先行词：人 从句成分：主语
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother？
whom
先行词：人 从句成分：宾语
Mr.Smith is the person with whom I am working.
whose
先行词：人、物 从句成分：定语
I like those books whose topics are about music.
The boy whose father works abroad is my desk-mate.
that
先行词： 人、物 从句成分：主语/宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star that I want to see very much.
which
先行词： 物 从句成分：主语/宾语
The book(which)I give you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as
先行词：人、物 从句成分：主语/宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost last night.
关系副词
when
先行词：时间 从句成分：时间状语
I will never forget the day when we met.
where
先行词：地点 从句成分：地点状语
This is the house where I was born.
why
先行词：原因 从句成分：原因状语
I can't imagine the reason why he turned down.
关系词 that,which,who,whom 的使用 Tips
只用 that 的情况
先行词为 all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much 等不定代词时
He told me everything that he knows.
先行词被 all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few 等修饰时
All the books that you offered has been given out.
先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
This is the best film that I have ever read.
先行词既指人又指物时
We talked about the person and things that we remembered.
先行词被 the only,the very修饰时
He is the only man that I want to see.
句子已经有 who 或 which 时，为了避免重复时
Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用 which,who,whom 的情况
在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which 来代物，用 who/whom 代人
He has a son,who has gone abroad for farther study.
在由介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中，只能用 which 指物，whom 指人
I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
先行词本身时 that 时，关系词用 which，先行词为 those,he 时多用 who 引导
Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
限制性和非限制性定语从句的主要区别
限制性定语从句
The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定语从句
His mother,whom he loved deeply,died 10 years ago.
as 和 which 的区别
限制性定语从句中
非限制性定语从句中
名词性从句（noun clause）
主语从句
在复合句中做主语，相当 于名词，一般置谓语之前， 也可用 it 作形式主语，主 语从句放主句后面
Whether he will come or not doesn't matter much. <br>Whoever comes here will be welcomed.<br>
表语从句
在复合句中作表语，相当 于名词，位于系动词之后
It looks as if it is going to snow
宾语从句
在复合句中做宾语，相当 于名词
He asked me which team could win the game.
同位语从句
放在名词（news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact...)之 后表明其具体内容
You have no idea how worried we are. <br>The fact that he lied again greatly surprised me.<br>
状语从句（adverbial clause）
时间状语
when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly...when, no sooner...than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly
Strike while the iron is hot. （趁热打铁）
地点状语
where, wherever
Where there is a will, there is a way. （有志者事竟成）
原因状语
because, as, since, now that
because 语气最强，since 最弱，表示大家都明了的原 因，as 次于 since？
Since it is raining now, we'd better stay at home.
条件状语
if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that
从句中动词时态不可用将 来时，常用一般时代替
As long as you put your heart into it, you will like it soon.
目的状语
so that, in order that, for fear that
so that 和 in order that 后常接 may，should， could，would 等情态动词
You'd better speak aloud so that we can hear you.
结果状语
so...that, such...that
She is such a lovely girl that everyone likes her.
比较状语
than, as...as, not so/as ...as, the more...the more
It is colder here in Beijing than in Shanghai.
方式状语
as if , as though, as
as if 和 as though 引导 从句一般用虚拟语气
They are talking as if they had been friends for year.
让步状语
though, although, even if, even though, as no matter what, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever
倒装结构（inversion）
完全倒装
here, there, up，down, in, out, off, away 等副 词开头的句子表示强调
Out rushed the children. （正常 语序→The children rushed out.）
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首
Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.
强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡
Present at the meeting were 1000 students.
部分倒装
never，hardly，scarcely，seldom，little，not until，not 等表示否定意义的副词放于句首
Hardly did I know what had happened.
only 和修饰的状语放于句首
Only then did he realized the importance of English.
not only...but also 连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒
Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.
as 引导的让步状语
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
so, neither 或 nor 表示前句内容也适用于另外 的人或事
So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.
用于表示祝愿的祈使句中
May you be in good health!
省略 if 的虚拟条件
Were I you ,I would not do it in this way.
虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）
If 引导的条件从句
与现在事实相反
从句动词：过去式（be 用 were) <br>主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形<br>
If he were here,he would help us.
与过去事实相反
从句动词：had+过去分词 <br>主句动词：should/would/could/might+过去分词<br>
If I had been free, I would have visited you.
与将来事实相反
从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式 <br>主句动词 should/would/could/might+动词原形<br>
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.
其他状语从句
as if 引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式
They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
in order that/so that 引导的状语从句中动词用 can/could/may/might/would 等+动词原形
Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly
宾语从句
demand，suggest，order，insist，后接的从句中动词为 should+ 动词原形
He suggested that we not change our mind.
wish 后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和 should/would+ 动词原形表示与现在/过去/将来情况相反
I wish I could be a pop star.
主语从句
在 It is necessary/important/strange that...，<br>It is suggested/demanded/ordered/requested that...等从句中，<br>谓语动词用 should+动词原形<br>
在 It is necessary/important/strange that...，<br>It is suggested/demanded/ordered/requested that...等从句中，谓 语动词用 should+动词原形<br>
其他句型中
It is time that...句型中动词用过去式或 should+动词原形
It's high time that we left.
would rather 所接从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式
I would rather you stayed.
If only 句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成时表示强烈的愿望
If only our dream had come true.
时间的表达（expression of time）
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