句子结构
2023-04-24 16:53:31 0 举报AI智能生成
高中英语语法
作者其他创作
大纲/内容
按句子种类分
陈述句
用来说明事实或说话人看法的句子
肯定句
否定句
be/情态动词/助动词+not
实义动词前加don't/doesn't/didn't
否定词
never、no、nobody、hardly、seldom等
疑问句
提出问题请对方回答的句子
一般疑问句（是非疑问句）
简单回答是（Yes）或不是（No）的疑问句
若陈述句中有be动词、情态动词、助动词
转一般疑问句
将be动词、情态动词、助动词提到主语前
其余顺序不变
问号
例句
He is a student.
Is he a student?
He can swim.
Can he swim?
They have arrived in Beijing.
Have they arrived Beijing?
若陈述句中无be动词、情态动词、助动词
转一般疑问句
在主语前加助动词do/does/did
其余顺序不变
原陈述句中动词变为原形
问号
例句
He loves Lily.
Does he love Lily?
I want to keep a cat.
Do you want to keep a cat?
一般疑问句的回答
肯定回答
是（Yes） + 主语 + 提问词
Yes, he does.
否定回答
不是（No）+ 主语 + 提问词 + not
No, he doesn't.
其他表示肯定/否定的词
not at all、of course、surely、certainly等
选择疑问句
提供大于等于2种情况，从中做出选择（或全部否定/肯定）
造型
一般疑问句 + 一般疑问句
例句
Do you like apples? Do you like peaches?
Do you like apples? or do you like peaches?
Do you like apples or peaches?
Apples.
Peaches.
Both.
Neither.
特殊疑问句
定义
不能简单回答是（Yes）或不是（No）
要回答具体内容
对句中某一成分进行提问
日常会话中，常以省略形式出现
Why？
Where？
How？
When?
疑问词
疑问代词
what（什么）
who（谁）
which（哪个）
whose（谁的）
疑问副词
where（哪里：询问地点）
when（何时：询问时间）
how（如何：询问方式）
why（为什么：询问原因）
对主语提问
方式方法
用疑问词替换主语
其余顺序不变
问号
例句
She is Lily.
Who is Lily?
This is Mary's book.
Which is Mary's book?
对其他成分提问
方式方法
将陈述句变为一般疑问句
用疑问词替换被提问部分
疑问词提前
例句
I want to keep a cat.
Do you want to keep a cat?
Do you want to keep what?
What do you want to keep?
He arrived in Beijing at 7 o'clock.
Did he arrive in Beijing at 7 o'clock?
Did he arrive in Beijing when?
When did he arrive in Beijing?
He arrived in Beijing at 7 o'clock.
Did he arrive in Beijing at 7 o'clock?
Did he arrive where at 7 o'clock?
Where Did he arrive at 7 o'clock?
He did it for fun.
Did he do it for fun?
Did he do it why?
Why did he do it ?
He usually goes to school by bus.
Does he usually go to school by bus?
Does he usually go to school how?
How does he usually go to school ?
反义疑问句
陈述句+简单疑问句
You dislike sports，don't you?
回答
不管陈述句是肯定还是否定
肯定回答前用yes
否定回答前用no
感叹句
表示说话人一种较为强烈的感情，如喜悦、赞叹、惊异、厌恶等
分类
由 what 引导：修饰名词
What a clever girl.
由 how 引导：修饰形容词、副词
How clever she is.
例句
She is a clever girl.
What a clever girl she is.
How clever a girl she is.
She plays well.
How well she plays.
祈使句
谓语动词用动词原形
表命令、请求、劝告、建议、号召、住院、叮嘱等的句子
例句
Don't touch me.
Sit down please.
按句子结构分
简单句
类型
1、只包含一个独立结构的句子，只有一个主谓结构
Snow made the world white.
1、有并列的两个或两个以上主语、或有并列的两个或两个以上谓语
Snow and ice coverd the ground and made the world white.
结构分类
2、主语+谓语+宾语
要跟一个动作承受者
表明主语对宾语做了某个动作
特点：谓语都是实义动词，是主语产生的动作，但不能单独表达完整意思，必须跟一个宾语。
谓语
实义动词（vt./vi.），有具体动作，后面有宾语
宾语
名词
代词
动词不定式
动名词或从句
例句
He wrote a book.
He cut his finger.
I dug a hole.
We planned to buy it.
He agreed to pay for it.
He enjoys playing chess.
I hope （that） you will come here.
I wonder why he has not come.
4、主语+谓语+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）
跟两个动作承受者
特征：必须要跟两个宾语才能表达完整意思
表明主语把A（直接宾语，动作的直接承受者）给B（间接宾语，动作的间接承受者）
谓语
实义动词，有具体动作，有两个宾语
例句
She bought me a book.
His dad gave him a watch.
Yesterday her father bought her a bicycle.
句型转换
动词+宾语+for sb.
My uncle bought me a book
My uncle bought a book for me.
动词+宾语+to sb.
Please show me your picture.
Please show your picture to me.
规律总结：如果直接宾语在前，通常需要一个介词来连接后面的间接宾语，如果间接宾语在前，介词可以省略
1、主语+谓语
后面什么都不跟
表明主语做了某个动作
谓语
实义动词（多为vi.），有具体动作，后无宾语
例句
She cried.
My head aches.
Fire burns.
The moon has risen.
The sun was shining.
延展
主语
谓语
句子的核心，必不可少的成分
只能是动词/动词性结构
四种变化
时态变化
情态变化
语态变化
否定形式
主+谓+状
状语一般为副词、名词、介词短语等
例句
He works hard.
She is walking quickly.
We will arrive soon.
He stood there.
3、主语+系动词+表语
没有动作承受者
表明主语的身份或特征
特点：系动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加一个表明主语身份或者状态的表语构成复合谓语
系动词
表状态的系动词
be、look、seem、appear、smell、taste、sound、keep、remain
例句
we should remain modest any time.
This kind of food tastes terrible.
表转变或结果的系动词
become、get、grow、turn、go、come、prove等
例句
Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.
Don't have the food. It has gone bad.
The facts prove true.
These books are novels.
例句
She is a girl.
Tom is clever.
5、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
跟一个动作承受者
表明主语让宾语怎么样（宾语补足语就是这个“怎么样”）
特征：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只能一个宾语不能表达完整意思，必须加上一个补充成分来不足宾语。宾语和宾语补足语有逻辑主谓关系。
谓语
实义动词，有具体动作，有宾语和它的补充说明
宾语补足语
名词
形容词
副词
介词短语
动词不定式
分词
例句
She makes me happy.
He kept me waiting.
I asked her to open the door.
I will ask him do the work.
I smelt something buring.
He got his shoes dirty.
They named their son Henry.
相近句型区分
【主+谓+宾】 vs 【主+系+表】
原因：有些动词既能作为系动词又能作为及物动词.
例句
Kate got angry.
主+系+表
Tom got a cat.
主+谓+宾
He becomes a good husband.
主+系+表
判断依据
1、系动词后可以跟形容词和名词，及物动词后只能跟名词
2、系动词被替换成be动词后，句子语义不会改变
Tom got a cat.→Tom was a cat.
He becomes a good husband.→He is a good husband.
【主+谓+双宾语】 vs 【主+谓+宾+宾补】
例句
Mother made my brother a black sweater.
主+谓+双宾语
I think my brother a clever boy.
主+谓+宾+宾补
判断依据
去掉主语和谓语，在宾语和疑似宾补之间be动词，如果能构成一个结构完整且与原句表达意图一致，则为宾补
……my brother a black sweater.→my brother is a black sweater.
……my brother a clever boy.→my brother is a clever boy.
并列句
有两个或以上主谓结构、或有两个及以上简单句的组合，每个句子分别表达完整的意思
独立句子通常为陈述句，也可以是疑问句或者祈使句
连接方式
并列连词
for、and、nor、but、or、yet、so、whereas、while、either…or、not only…but also
Do you want to go alone or would you like to have me for company？
Apple is red and banana is yellow.
连接副词
however、otherwise、therefore、still、yet、the、hence等
I was not happy，yet I laughed.
分号
I wouldn't live in a place like Shanghai； I don't like big cities.
复合句
一个主句+（一个或以上）从句，从句不能独立表达完整意思
China is a country that its history is very long.
从句分类
名词性从句
形容词性从句
副词性从句
各种从句都由适当的连接词引导
名词性从句
从属连词that
wh-疑问词
whether if
名词性关系词
形容词性从句
关系代词
关系副词
副词性从句
从属连词
并列复合句
含有一个或一个以上从句的并列句
Alice is a girl who comes from America and Jack is a boy who is from Australia.
定语从句
特殊句式
There be结构
完全倒装
表明事物客观存在，表示“有”
动词be与第一个主语的数保持一致
例句
There is a library in our school.
It is…that强调句
强调除谓语以外的句子成分
句式结构：It be+被强调部分+that/who+句子
例句
It was my iPhone that I lost last week.
倒装句
谓语在主语之前，为了强调、突出目的而颠倒原有语序
分为全部倒装和部分倒装
全部倒装
部分倒装
例句
Only in this way can we solve this problem.
省略句
避免重复
可省略主语、谓语等
例句
Don't touch me！
三大从句
名词性从句
主语从句
定义
在复合句中，由一个句子充当主语成分，这个句子就是主语从句
例
The thing is important.
主系表
That you love me is important.
It is important that you love me.
英语不喜欢"头重脚轻"，常用it作形式主语，that引导的主语从语后置
Whether you love me is important.
It is important whether/if you love me.
Why you love me is important.
It is important why you love me.
主要形式
主语从句+谓语+其他
连接词
从属连词
不充当成分
that
无词义，在从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连接作用，但不能省略
That she will give up her job surprises all of us.
她要放弃她的工作，这使我们大家都感到惊讶。
That he would take the risk is true.
他会冒这个险是真的。
that从句作主语时常用it作形式主语
It+be+形容词+that 从句
如obvious、strange、possible、important等
It is obvious that our team will win.
很显然，我们队要赢了。
It+be+名词(词组)+that 从句
如no wonder、no surprise、a pity等
It is a pity that you missed this good chance.
你错过了这次好机会，真是个遗憾。
It+be+过去分词+that 从句
如said、well-known、thought等
It is reported that the car accident took place sometime yesterday.
据报道，那场车祸是在昨天甘个时候发生的。
It+特殊动词(短语)+that 从句
如semm、appear、occur等
It happened that I met him in the street yesterday.
昨天我碰巧在街上遇见了他
whether/if
“是否”，在从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连接作用，但不能省略
位于句首只能用whether，句中whether/if都可
Whether the meeting will be held in our school is not known yet.
会议是否会在我们学校举行还不知道。
It is not clear whether/if he will come or not.
他来还是不来还不太清楚。
连接代词
作定语
Which team will win the match is still unknown.
哪个队能赢得这场比赛还不知道。
作宾语
What we need is your help.
我们需要的是你的都助。
作主语
Whoever breaks the rule will be punished.
无论谁违反规则都将受到惩罚
作表语
Who is the girl over there is not mentioned.
没有提到那边的女孩是谁
补充
whichever无论哪一个
whoever=anyone who 无论谁
whatever=anything that 无论什么
连接副词
作地点状语
Where she lives is a secret.
她住在哪里是个秘密。
作方式状语
How he became a famous singer is nown to all.
大家都知道他是如何成为著名的歌手的。
作时间状语
When the meeting will be held has been decided.
会议什么时候举行已经决定了。
考点
一个句子作主语，谓语动词用单数
What we need is more time.
It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.
在口语和非正式文体中，that常可省略;
尤其是在非常短的句子中，that一般不必要;
但that引导的主语从句位于句首时，that往往不能省略
尤其是在非常短的句子中，that一般不必要;
但that引导的主语从句位于句首时，that往往不能省略
It's a pity (that) you're leaving.
That he would take the risk is true.
宾语从句
定义
什么是宾语
一般在动词或介词后，通常是谓语后的第一个独立的名词或名词性结构
用一个完整的句子充当宾语，这个句子就是宾语从句。
例
I know you.
I know that you are a teacher.
主要形式
主句+连接词+宾语从句
连接词
that
无词义，不充当成分，有时可省略
常放在think、hope、know、say、believe、suggest、 sure、certain、glad等之后
不能省略that的情况
去掉之后不影响句意时通常可省略
I know (that) he has returned.
I don't think (that) there will be time to do it.
句中出现2个以上的由that引导的宾语从句时
第一个从句的that可以省略，其余的并列宾语从句中的that要保留
第一个从句的that可以省略，其余的并列宾语从句中的that要保留
She said (that) the book was very interesting and
that all the children like to read it.
that all the children like to read it.
They said (that) the meeting was very important, and
that we mustn't be late.
that we mustn't be late.
有that时,we mustn't be late是said的宾语；
他们说了两件事1）会议很重要2）我们不能迟到。
他们说了两件事1）会议很重要2）我们不能迟到。
They said (that) the meeting was very important,
and we mustn't be late.
and we mustn't be late.
无that时，and连接前后两个并列句，句意不同；
他们说了一件事会议很重要。
他们说了一件事会议很重要。
that从句中又有其他从句时，that不可省略
He told us that, if we could all come to help out,
the whole situation would be getting better.
the whole situation would be getting better.
他告诉我们，如果我们都过来帮忙，整个情况会好些，
it作形式宾语代替that引导的宾语从句时，that不可省略
I think it's necessary that he should stay here.
当宾语从句的主语是this，that或被this、that修饰时，that不可省略。
The teacher said that that word was wrong.
She said that this book was very useful.
that位于句首时,that不可省略
That our team will win, I believe.
当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省略。
I want to tell you that the problem is very common.
当宾语从句前有插入语时，that不可省略
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.
that从句单独回答问题时，that不可省略
--What did she hear？--That Alicia had passed the exam.
在except、but、besides(除…之外)等介词后，that不可省略
He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.
在这类动词(reply、object、complain)等后接的宾语从句中时，that不可省略。
He complained that he had been treated unfairly.
He replied that he disagreed.
if/whether
"是否"，不充当成分，不可省略
常放在doubt、ask、wonder、be not sure、be not certain等之后
只能用whether的情况
介词后
I'm thinking about whether she will come.
与不定式连用
I can't decide whether to stay
与 or not 连用
Can you tell me whether it is your book or not.
口诀
前有介词狼，后有to do 虎，
句末or not，只能用whether。
句末or not，只能用whether。
特殊疑问词
有词义，充当句子成分，不可省略
连接代词
充当主/宾/定/表语等
what 、which 、who、whose
连接副词
充当状语
when、where、why、how
疑问词组
how long、how much、how far等
语序
陈述句语序
主句+连接词+从句 (主语+谓语+其他)
I want to know if she can come tomorrow.
特殊情况
如果连接词本来就是宾语从句的主语，则连接词后直接加谓语动词+其他
She asked me who had helped him.
I don't know what is the matter.
当宾语从句为what's wrong/what's the matter
Can you tell me what's the matter with you?
例
主：I know it.
从：You are a teacher.
从：You are a teacher.
I know （that）you are a teacher.
主：I'm not sure.
从：Will she come here?
从：Will she come here?
I'm not sure whether/if she will come here.
主：I want to know.
从：Who is the girl?
从：Who is the girl?
I want to know who the girl is.
时态
主现从随便
主句如果是一般现在时，从句根据时间状语确定时态
She says that she will go to Beijing tomorrow.
I remember （that）you gave me a pen yesterday.
I hear that she was a worker two years ago.
I hear that she is an English teacher now.
主过从必过
主句如果是一般过去时,则从句根据时间状语从四种带“过"字的时态中任选一种(一般过去时/过去进行时/过去将来时/过去完成时)
Nina said that she was writing at this time yesterday.
I said that she would come.
真理永一现（客观真理用一般现在时）
如果从句是真理/事实规律的句子，无论主句什么时态，从句都用一般现在时
He told me that the earth goes around the sun.
He says that light travels faster than sound.
备注：
当句中出现 (could you/would you/might I…）时，不表过去，只是语气更加委婉，从句时态不受限制。
特殊情况
宾从简化
疑问词+不定式
She doesn't know how she can improve the reading speed.
She doesn't know how to improve the reading speed.
不定式
I hope that I can receive your letter.
I hope to receive your letter.
否定转移
当主所主语是第一人称(I/we)
谓语动词是(think/believe/suppose/consider/imagine等时
常把宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，
即主句的谓语动词用否定形式，
而宾语从句的谓语动词用肯定形式，
谓语动词是(think/believe/suppose/consider/imagine等时
常把宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，
即主句的谓语动词用否定形式，
而宾语从句的谓语动词用肯定形式，
I believe she is not a teacher.
I don't believe she is a teacher.
做题口诀
一切：连接词后断开
二主：判断语序，找主语，连接词后紧跟主语（连接词本身为主语除外）
三时：判断正确时态
四意：判断连接词是否正确，判断语意
例
练习
----What did that girl ask you just now?
-----She asked me .
A. who was I waiting for ×
B. whether could I help her ×
C. how she could get to the bus stop
D. what has happened
-----She asked me .
A. who was I waiting for ×
B. whether could I help her ×
C. how she could get to the bus stop
D. what has happened
C
圈出连接词
判断语序
1-who不是主语，后面非陈述语序，排除
2-whether后面不是陈述语序，排除
2-whether后面不是陈述语序，排除
判断时态
主句asked，主过从必过，排除4
根据排除法>判断完时态和语序后,一般就可以选出正确的答案，
但是有时只能排除两个，可以继续判断它们的连接词是否正确，判断语意是否符合题目语境
但是有时只能排除两个，可以继续判断它们的连接词是否正确，判断语意是否符合题目语境
Father asked Alicia
A. which one did she likes best
B. which one she liked best
C. which one she likes best
D. which one does she like best
A. which one did she likes best
B. which one she liked best
C. which one she likes best
D. which one does she like best
B
圈出连接词
判断语序
排除1、4
判断语态
排除3
Did you find out
A. she was looking for whose child
B. whose child was she looking for
C. whose child she is looking for
D. whose child she was looking for
A. she was looking for whose child
B. whose child was she looking for
C. whose child she is looking for
D. whose child she was looking for
D
圈出连接词
排除1，连接词不在句首
判断语序
排除2
判断语态
选D
Can you tell me the post office?
A. how I can get to
B. how can I get to
C. where I can get to
D. where can I get to
A. how I can get to
B. how can I get to
C. where I can get to
D. where can I get to
A
圈出连接词
判断语序
排除2、4
判断时态
判断句意
怎样去邮局，选A
----Tell me .
----Well, it's like ...
A. what is wrong with it
B. what is it
C. what the matter is with it
D. what is it like
----Well, it's like ...
A. what is wrong with it
B. what is it
C. what the matter is with it
D. what is it like
A
圈出连接词
判断语序
排除2、3、4
I think Alicia in the classroom now.
A. / ; isn't
B. don't ; isn't
C. don' t ; is
D. not ; is
A. / ; isn't
B. don't ; isn't
C. don' t ; is
D. not ; is
C
考察宾语从句否定转移
表语/补语从句
定义
什么是表语
说明主语的性质、特征、身份、类别、状态等。
在复合句中，由一个句子充当表语成分，这个句子就是表语从句
连接词
that
不充当成分，无含义，通常不省略
例句
The fact is that he doesn' t really try.
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
My suggestion is that we should tell him.
My idea is that we should start making preparations right now.
说明
如果主语是要求/建议/命令 等词，
表语从句用"should+动词原形"(should可省略)
表语从句用"should+动词原形"(should可省略)
要求：request、 requirement、 insistence…
建议：idea、advice、suggestion、proposal、recommendation、notion…
命令：order、instruction…
whether
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
问题是这部电影是否值得看。
The doctor's doubt is whether she will survive.
医生不确定他能不能会下来。
连接代词
who/whom/whose/what/which…
The problem is who we can get to replace her.
问题是我们能找到谁去替艳她呢
The question is who (m) we should trust.
问题是我们应当相信谁
His puzzle is whose money it belongs to.
他的困惑是这钱是谁的
My concern is what he really expects to get from us.
我关心的是他到底想从我们这里得到什么
What I want to know is which road we should take.
我想知道的是我们应走哪条路
连接副词
when/where/why/how…
That was when I was fifteen.
这是我15岁时发生的事
That's where I first met her.
那就是我第一次遇见她的地方
That's why I object to the plan.
这就是我反对这个计划的原因
The problem is how we can find him.
问题是我们如何找到他
as if/as though
常用虚拟语气
She looks as if she were hungry.
她看起来好像饿了
It is not as though we were poor.
又不是我们家里穷
because
That's because you can't appreciate music.
这是因为你不能欣宣音乐,
She is very familiar with the film.
This is because she has already seen the film.
This is because she has already seen the film.
她对这部电影很熟悉。这是因为她已经看过这部电影了
注：其同义词since/as/for不可以引导表语从句
常见句型
be+that从句
The fact/ point/ reality/ chance is that..
be+疑问词从句
The question/problem is whether/ when/ where/ why..
The reason( why...) is that..
主语是reason时只能用that引导
It is because...+原因
It is why...+结果
My suggestion/advice/requirement/order/request is that+主语+ (should) do sth
同位语从句
定义
什么是同位语
用于解释说明另一个名词或代词，且与其前面的名词或代词在语法上处于同等的地位
在复合句中充当同位语的句子，用来对前面的抽象名词进行解释说明
The fact that he had not attended the meeting surprised me.
The news came that we' re having an exam next Monday.
tips
同位语大部分时候解释的都是抽象名词，被解释的词有可能和同位语隔开。
如果在长难句中被隔开直接往前找抽象名词就是被解释的词，
如果在长难句中被隔开直接往前找抽象名词就是被解释的词，
抽象名词举例
advice建议、agreement共识、assumption假设、answer 回答
belief 信仰
conclusion 结论、command 命令、condition 条件
decision 决定、demand 要求、determination 决心、doubt怀疑
evidence 证据 、explanation解释
fear 恐惧、feeling感觉、fact事实
hope 希望
idea 想法、indication预示、instruction指示
knowledge知识
motion动机、message信息
news新闻
order命令、opinion观点
phenomenon 现象、plan计划、reference隔妈、problem问题、possibility可能性、question问题
suggestion 建议
thought想法
连接词
that
不充当成分，无含义
I have no idea that I have this work。
whether
不充当成分，译为:“是否”
I have no idea whether I can finish my work.
who
作主语、宾语、表语
I have no idea who will be in charge of our group.
whom
作宾语
I have no idea whom he loves.
what
作主语、宾语、表语
I have no idea what he is doing now?
which
作定语 后+名词
I have no idea which bag is the most beautiful.
whose
作定语
I have no idea whose bag it is.
when
作状语，表时间
I have no idea when he left for Bejinq
where
作状语，表地点
I have no idea where he went.
why
作状语，表原因
I have no idea why he lied.
how
作方式状语“怎样”
I have no idea how we could work it out.
作程度状语“多么”
I have no idea how much it costs，
形容词性从句
定语从句
定义
什么是定语
对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的句子成分，它说明人或物的状态、品质、数量及所属关系等
2种位置
前置定语
【单个词】作定语时，常放在被修饰词之前
后置定语
【短语或从句】作定语时，往往放在被修饰词之后
是复合句中起定语作用、修饰某一名词或代词的从句
例
My daughter likes the delicious juice.
My daughter likes the juice which is made by me.
分类
限制性定语从句
是先行词不可缺少的部分，删掉它之后主句句意不明确，主句从句间没有逗号
This is the tree that I planted three years ago.
这是我三年前栽种的那棵树(不是其他的树)
非限制性定语从句
是先行词的附加说明，删掉它之后不影响主句意思，主句从句间通常逗号隔开
This is the tree, which I planted three years ago.
这是一棵树，我三年前种的(补充说明种树的时间)
考点
非限制性定语从句关系代词
who,whom,whose,which(不能省略，通常不用that)
基本结构
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of the words.
主句（含先行词），从句（含连接词）
关系词
先行词为人
作主语
that/who
作宾语
that/who/whom/不填
作表语
that/不填
作定语
whose
先行词为物
作主语
that/which
作宾语
that/which/不填
作表语
that/不填
作定语
whose
例
Do you know the girl who/that often comes here？
关系词在句中作主语
你知道经常来这儿的那个女孩吗?
I like the books which/that were written by Lu Xun.
关系词在句中作主语
我喜欢鲁迅写的书
I knew the book which/that/不填 you gave me just now.
关系词在句中作宾语
我知道你刚刚给我的这本书
He is no longer the man that/不填 he used to be
关系词在句中作表语
他不在是以前那个人了
This is the girl whose parents have gone to Beijing.
关系词在句中作定语
这就是那个父母都去了北京的女孩
补充
只能用that的情况
先行词含有不定代词时
no、none 、(a)few 、(a)little、some、any、many、much 、
all、every、something、anything、everying、nothing...
all、every、something、anything、everying、nothing...
例
All that he said is true.
他所说的都是真的
Everything that we have seen in China is moving.
我们在中国看见的事情件件感人
先行词被all、any、every、each等修饰时
Each word that he said is true.
先行词中含有表示特指的词时
the only、 the very、the same 、the last...
例
That is the very dress that I want to buy.
那正是我想买的裙子。
先行词被最高级修饰时
This is the best book that I have ever read.
这是我读过的最好的书
先行词被序数词修饰时
The first letter that I got from her will be kept.
我会保存好她寄来的第一封信
先行词中既有人又有物时
They talked about the people and things that they remembered.
他们谈论着他们记忆中的人和事
避免重复
主句中出现了who/which疑问词时，为避免重复
Which is the book that you like best?
你最喜欢的书是哪本?
只能用which/who/whom的情况
先行词为that，指物时用which
I have that which you give me.
我有你给我的那个
先行词为those/one，指人时用who
Those who do not wish to go need not go.
不愿去的人不需要去
由“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，指物用which，指人用who
This is the house in which we lived last year.
这是我们去年住的房子
在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom/which
which指代物，who/whom指代人
which指代物，who/whom指代人
Tom likes his brother，who has studied abroad.
汤姆喜欢他的哥哥，他哥哥出国学习过。
先行词为时间（time/day/week...）
连接词when=in/on/during which
That is the day when(on which) we finished the work.
那是我们完成工作的日子
先行词为地点（place/house/country…）
连接词where=in/at which
This is the school where(in which) I studied three years ago
这是三年前我就读的学校
先行词the place后的关系副词where可省略
This is the place I studied three years ago.
这是三年前我就读的学校
先行词为原因（reason）
连接词why=for which
Nobody knows the reason why(for which)she is often late for school.
没有人知道她上学经常迟到的原因
先行词the reason后的关系副词why可省略
Nobody knows the reason she is often late for school.
没有人知道她上学经常迟到的原因
先行词the way 表示”方式/方法”时，关系副词常省略
Can you tell me the way(in which/that) you solve the problem?
与同位语从句的区别
例子
The story that the book told you is true.
The story that Man has been to the moon is true.
区分
看名词
定语从句前可以为任何名词，代词
同位语从句前一般为抽象名词
例
This is a useful book that I want to buy.
The fact that he won the game surprised everybody.
看意义
定语从句对名词修饰限定“译为B的A”
同位语从问解释说明抽象名词的具体内容“A=B”
The news that our team has won the game is encouraging.
The news that you toa us is encouraging.
如果去掉从句中的that，从句非常完整。那是同位语从句。
因为同位语从句中that不作任何成分，定语从句中that要作主干
因为同位语从句中that不作任何成分，定语从句中that要作主干
The news that our team has won the game is encouraging.
The news that you told us is encouraging.
如果引导词是个who/which/when/where.....看引导词的翻译，
如果引导词翻译成先行词绝对是定语从句
因为名词性从句中所有的词都翻译成了词本义
如果引导词翻译成先行词绝对是定语从句
因为名词性从句中所有的词都翻译成了词本义
I have no idea who is her mother.
我不知道谁是她的妈妈
The woman who is holding a handbag is Angel' s mother.
那个拿着包的女人是安琪的妈妈
副词性从句
状语从句
定义
什么是状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词以及句子，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的等，
在句子中位置比较灵活，句首、句中、句尾都可以
在句子中位置比较灵活，句首、句中、句尾都可以
I learn English everyday.
由一个句子充当状语成分，这个句子就是状语从问，
通常由一个连词或一个起连词作用的词组引导
通常由一个连词或一个起连词作用的词组引导
I will learn English when I finish my work.
时间状语从句
连接词
when/while/as
当…时
when
既可以表示时间点又可以表示时间段
引导的从句谓语动词延续性动词/短暂性动词都可
引导的从句谓语动词延续性动词/短暂性动词都可
When he came back,his brother was making a model plane.
当他回来时，他的弟弟正在做飞机模型
My mom was cooking when I was doing my homework.
当我做作业时，我妈正在做饭
while
表示时间段和对比转折
引导的从句谓语动词只能用延续性动词
引导的从句谓语动词只能用延续性动词
My mom was cooking while I was doing my homework.
当我做作业时，我妈正在做饭
as
强调两个动作同时发生
As they walked, they talked happily.
他们一边走，一边高兴地交谈着
since
自从…以来
主语+have/has done+since 从句(一般过去时)
I have lived here since I was six years old.
自从我六岁的时候我就住在这儿了。
It is + 时间段 + since 从句(一般过去时)
It is eight years since I became an English teacher.
我成为一位英语老师已经有八年了。
before/after
在…之前/后
Before he got to the shop,it had closed
住他到商店之前，商店就已经关门了
The bell rang after we finished the work.
我们完成工作后，铃声响了。
till/until
直到…/直到…为止
主句谓语延续性动词，主从句都用肯定式
I worked until/till midnight yesterday.
昨天我一直工作到深夜
not…untill
直到…才
主句谓语非延续性动词，主句否定从句肯定
I won't go to bed untilI finish my homework.
直到写完作业我才会上床睡觉
every time/each time
每次
Each time I hear that song,I feel very happy.
每当听到那首歌，我都会感到很开心。
by the time
到…的时候
as soon as/ no sooner...than/hardly ... when/the moment/the minute……
I will write to you as soon as I get there.
我一到那儿就给你写信。
Hardly had I reached home when it began to rain.
我刚到家就开始下雨了
条件状语从句
连接词
if（如果）
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
unless（除非）
We will climb the mountain tomorrow unless it rains.
unless表否定含义，引导从句只能肯定形式，unless=if…not.
We will climb the mountain tomorrow if it doesn't rain.
as/so long as（只要）
As long as you don't give up, you will succeed.
考点
主将从现
在时间状语从句/条件状语从句中，当主句为一般将来时，
从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
I will ring you up as soon as I get home.
主祈从现
在时间状语从句/条件状语从句中，当主句为祈使句时，
从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
Close the window when you leave.
主情从现
在时间状语从句/条件状语从句中，当主句含有情态动词时，
从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
You should be quiet if you are in the library.
地点状语从句
连接词
where
在…地方
You may stay where you like.
Where there is water, there is life.
wherever
无论在哪
Wherever you go, I will miss you.
原因状语从句
连接词
because/for
因为(回答why)
Why do you drink milk every day?
I drink milk every day because it's good for my health.
I drink milk every day because it's good for my health.
你为什么每天喝牛奶? 我每天喝牛奶,因为它对我的健康有好处
since
既然(常句首)
Since you are so sure of it, she'll believe you.
既然你对此如此有把握,她会相信你的。
as
由于(常句首)
As the weather is fine, we can have a picnic.
因为天气很好,我们能去野容。
结果状语从句
连接词
so…that…
如此…以至于…
so + adi./adv.+ that...
He always studied so hard that he made great progress.
他学习总是那么努力，所以他取得了很大的进步。
so + adj.+ a/an +可数名词单数+ that...
Ann is so kind a teacher that we all like her.
such…that…
如此…以至于…
such + a/an + adj.+可数名词单数+ that...
Ann is such kind a teacher that we all like her.
such + adj.+ 可数名词复数/不可数名词 + that...
It such good weather that we want to go out to play.
so that
因此
目的状语从句
连接词
so that
以便，为了
They worked hard so that they might succeed.
in order that
为了
They worked hard in order that they might succeed.
让步状语从句
连接词
though/although
Although/Though he worked hard, he failed.
=He worked hard. but he failed.
even though/if
Even if it rains tomorrow,we won't change our plan.
强调对“假设情况”的让步
Even though it's hard work,I enjoy it.
强调对“既成事实”的让步
however
疑问词-ever=no matter+疑问词
方式状语从句
连接词
as
Do as I told you.
as if/though
The old man runs very fast as if he were a young man.
比较状语从句
连接词
than
He forgets faster than he learns.
as…as
She speaks English as well as you do.
not so/as ... as
It is not as easy as you think.
the+比较级...,the+比较级...
The more he gets,the more he wants.
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