MITOCHONDIA
2023-04-02 23:11:16 0 举报
AI智能生成
MITOCHONDIA(CYTOLOGY)
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Semi-autonomy
most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by cellular nuclear genes and are synthesized on ribosomes before being transported into mitochondria. Only a few mitochondrial proteins are encoded by mtDNA and synthesized on the mitochondrial ribosome. This suggests that mitochondrial biosynthesis depends on two sets of genetic systems.
Proliferation
① septal division
② Contraction division
③ Shoot division
Disease
MD(mitochondrial disease)
mtDNA is maternally inherited
Morphology and structure
Morphology and size
Under light microscope, mitochondria are linear, granular or short rod shape. Under certain conditions, the morphology of mitochondria in the same cell changes dynamically and reversely. The changes of osmotic pressure, pH and temperature can cause the changes of mitochondrial size.
Ultrastructure
Under the electron microscope, mitochondria are capsular structures formed by two layers of inner and outer unit membranes, it is mainly composed of outer membrane, inner membrane, an intermembrane space and a matrix. The intermembrane space is also called the outer chamber, and the matrix is also called the inner chamber
- The outer membrane is a unit membrane surrounding the outer surface of mitochondria, with a thickness of 6-7 nm. Flat and smooth, not connected to the intima. The outer membrane contains a variety of transport proteins called porins, they constitute water-containing channels through which water-soluble substances can pass in the lipid bilayer. Compared with the inner membrane, the outer membrane is rich in cholesterol and phospholipids, and contains less protein than the inner membrane. The marker enzyme : monoamine oxidase (monoamine) oxidase).
- The inner membrane, located on the medial side of the outer membrane, is also composed of a unit membrane, but is slightly thicker than the outer, which is 6-8 nm thick. The inner membrane is rich in protein, with a ratio of protein to lipid greater than 3: 1. also rich in cardiolipin (up to 20%) and lacking in cholesterol, similar to bacteria.The substance exchange between the martix and the outside world needs to be involved through the translocation enzyme of the endometrium.
- The marker enzyme : cytochrome c oxidase .
- The inner membrane folds into the inner chamber of the mitochondria to form a number of folds or tubular structures called cristae. The formation of the cristae increases the surface area of the inner membrane.
- On the inner surface of the inner membrane and the cristae membrane, there are many small spherical particles with stalks towards the inner chamber, called clementaryparticles or F particles (F factor), it is composed of ATP synthase (ATP synthase). ATP synthase is a multicomponent complex with ATP synthase activity in the membrane-bound state and ATP hydrolase activity in the free state. The granulocytes are perpendicular to the inner membrane surface and arranged regularly, and the granulocytes are 10 nm apart.
- Intermembrane space:Between the mitochondria and the adventitia is a closed gap with a width of 6 to 8 nm, which is called the membrane space or outer chamber (Chamber), which is filled with amorphous substances and contains various soluble enzymes, substrates and cofactors. The part of the membrane gap that extends to the inside of the kurtosis is called the inside of the kurtosis space).
- Inner chamber and martix:The space formed inside the intima is called the inner chamber or intercristal space), which is filled with a relatively dense substance called the mitochondrial matrix. The matrix contains lipids, proteins, enzymes related to triacid cycle, oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, amino acid metabolism and mitochondrial protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthetases. It also contains mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), mitochondrial mRNA, tRNA and mitochondrial ribosomes. In addition, the matrix contains some relatively large dense particles with diameters of 30 to 50 nm, referred to as matrix granule, contains calcium, magnesium,etc.
Chemical composition of mitochondria and enzyme
Protein(65%-75% dry weight )
Mitochondrial proteins are classified into soluble and insoluble proteins. The soluble proteins are mainly the enzymes in the matrix and the peripheral proteins of the membrane, while the insoluble proteins are the mosaic proteins, structural proteins and enzyme proteins of the membrane.
Lipid(25%-30%)
The lipid components in mitochondria vary with different cell types, but most of them are phospholipids, accounting for more than 3/4 of the total lipid. Among them, phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin) accounted for the majority, in addition to a certain amount of cardiolipin and less cholesterol content.
Water
Physical medium
take part in emzymatic reaction
ETC.
Function
Cellular oxidation(celluar respiration)
Glycolysis
Acetyl-CoA production
Krebs cycle
Electron transfer coupled oxidative phosphorylation
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