Applied Statistical
2023-11-13 06:06:49 0 举报AI智能生成
161111 Applied Statistics 学习笔记
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01 Exploring Data.pptx
Insert pivot table in Excel
Table
Insert bar or colum graph in Excel
Bar plot
Categorical Data
Center (mode=tallest peak). What does the peak of the distibution tell us
Spread (range). What does the range tell us?
Shape(Skew? 1 peak?). Is the distibution symmetric or skew?. Is there more than one peak?
Outliers (extreme values?). Are there any extreme values?
HistogramHow to dicr histograms data)
boxplots
IQR(inter quartile range)
Boxplot(Five Number Summery )
Numerical Data
Types of Data
子主题
Bar Chart VS Pie Charts
the most common group
The mode
Mean
Median
Maximum and Minimum
measures how close the data are to the mean value
Standard deviation (SD)
Shape
key word
Exploring Data
02 Sampling.pptx
Censue: Collecting data from all individual s in the population.
Sampl: Collecting data from a subset of the individuals in the population
compare Censue and Sample
Numerical summaries calculated from a population are called parameters.
Parameter
Numerical summaries calculasted from a sample are called statistics
Statistic
Collecting Data
Simple Random
Systematic
Stratified
Cluster
Statistical Sampling Methods
Representative sample
Sampling erreor
Some members of the population are not in the sampling frame.
Coverage error
People may refuse to answer some or all of the questions.
Non-response error
Badly worded or misleading questions.
Measurement error
Non-sampling error
Error
Sampling methods
Sampling
03 Experiments Observations Studies.pptx
Experiment unit
Response variable (反应变量）
Treatment variable
例子，帮助理解
Experiment
Replication
Randomisation
blinding
举例巧克力棒配方测试
Pairing
Experimental Design
• explain the difference between an experiment and an observational study.
• identify lurking variables and explain how to control for them in an experiment.
Observational study
Experiment vs Observational study
Experiments and Observational studies
04 Normality.pptx
mean=median=mode
例子
z score
Properties of the normal curve
The empircal rule
Normality Distribution(正态分布)
Sampling distribution from a normal population
Central limit theorem中心极限定理
Standard error (SE). （标准误差）
两个举例的样版
Sampling Distribution （抽样分布）
举例练习
CI = mean _+ 2 x SE (计算示例)
Conition for CI
Confidence inervals (置信区间 or 可信区间）
There is a 95% chance that the CI contains the true population mean.This is not the same as saying there is a 95% chance that the population mean lies within the CI.
95% chance of what?
Interpreting confidence intervals 陈述规则
答案2
答案1
关键例题， 搞懂这个题，全章节就懂了
Interpreting confidence intervals解释置信区间（利用本章节所有知识，解决实际问题）
Sampling Distribution and Confidence
The null: The true mean weight of chocolate bars is 250g.The alternative: The true mean weight of chocolate bars is not 250g.
Write the hypotheses
Test statistic
Use p-value to make deciion
Write conclusionincontext
Check conditions
Hypotheses testing
Compute test statitic
CI with t-test of differences
Are conditions met
T test of differences
The null: Infection status is not related to lake. The alternative: Infection status is related to lake.
the test statistic here is 7.6988
test statistic
Use p-value to make decision
We have no evidence to suggest that infection status is related to lake.
Write the conclusion in context
The sample is representative.All expected counts are at least 5.
conditions met
Calculate expected counts
Chi squared test
Linearity. Equal spread. Normality. Independence.
checkiing conditions
Residual calculate
Correlation coefficient
Residuals and condition
Compute test statistic
One-sample t-test of slope
Linear Modellling
Applied Statistical
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