Hardware
2024-05-04 23:26:54 9 举报AI智能生成
Hardware是一种实体设备，例如计算机、手机、打印机和其他电子设备，它们是信息系统的基础设施。硬件的不同部分各自执行特定的功能，例如处理器负责计算，内存负责存储数据和程序，显示器和输入设备（如键盘和鼠标）用于与用户交互。这些硬件设备通过电缆和连接器相互连接，形成系统网络。在选择硬件时，需要考虑性能、兼容性、成本和可扩展性等因素。随着科技的进步，硬件的性能和功能也在不断提高，为人们带来了更加便捷和高效的工作和娱乐体验。
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Primary Storage
processor access directly
RAM
volatile
store data, files, programs, part of OS currently in use
can be written to and read from
Larger the RAM, faster the computer
DRAM
consist of transistors(switches) and capacitors(information)
need to be constantly refresh
construct main memory
Compare to SRAM:
Less expensive;
Consumes more power than SRAM
under reasonable levels of access,
as it needs to be constantly refreshed;
Have a higer memory capacity;
Less expensive;
Consumes more power than SRAM
under reasonable levels of access,
as it needs to be constantly refreshed;
Have a higer memory capacity;
SRAM
does not need to be constantly refresh
make use of flip flops(触发器) which hold each bit of memory
construct processor's memory cache
Compare to DRAM:
Faster data access;
If accessed at a high frequency,
Power usage can exceed that of DRAM
Faster data access;
If accessed at a high frequency,
Power usage can exceed that of DRAM
ROM
Non-volatile
Store BIOS(basic input/output system)
Data stored cannot be altered
PROM: Programmable
Made up of a matrix of fuses(保险丝矩阵）
Can be altered once by PROM waiter
Used in mobile phones（存储配置信息)
Used in in RFID tags.
RFID标签通常用于跟踪物品、管理库存、实现物流跟踪等应用。
标签中的存储器通常包含用于识别和跟踪标签的唯一标识符（ID）
RFID标签通常用于跟踪物品、管理库存、实现物流跟踪等应用。
标签中的存储器通常包含用于识别和跟踪标签的唯一标识符（ID）
EPROM: Erasable Programmable
Make up of floating gate transistors and capacitors(浮栅晶体管和电容器）
Can be programmed and erased multiple times by UV(紫外线)
ERPROM常被用于存储固件、引导程序、设备识别码、产品标识等不易更改的数据。
EEPROM: Electrically Erasable
An electrical signal can be used to remove existing data（电子擦除和重新编程）
应用于嵌入式系统、传感器、智能卡、存储设备、
电子产品中的参数配置、用户设置等场景。
为这些应用提供了一种灵活、可靠且易于使用的非易失性存储解决方案。
电子产品中的参数配置、用户设置等场景。
为这些应用提供了一种灵活、可靠且易于使用的非易失性存储解决方案。
Secondary storage devices
Not directly accessible by the CPU.
Non-volatile device
Much larger storage than ROM and RAM
Store all applications, device drivers, general files
HDD (Hard disk drives)
Store in a digital format on the magnetic surfaces of the disks.
Very slow data access comparet to RAM
Will lead to sectors becoming increasingly fragmented, can be improve by "tidying up".
Data in a sector will be read sequentially.
HDD需要按照文件的物理顺序逐个读取相邻的数据块，因此随机访问速度相对较慢。
RAM中的数据是以内存地址的形式存储的，可以根据地址立即访问所需的数据，因此读写速度非常快。
HDD需要按照文件的物理顺序逐个读取相邻的数据块，因此随机访问速度相对较慢。
RAM中的数据是以内存地址的形式存储的，可以根据地址立即访问所需的数据，因此读写速度非常快。
SSD(Solid state drives)
Store data by controlling the movement of electrons within NAND chips.
(闪存存储芯片，非易失，高密度，快速访问，可擦除，可编程)
(闪存存储芯片，非易失，高密度，快速访问，可擦除，可编程)
More reliable, no moving parts to go wrong
Considerably lighter, which makes them suitable for laptops
Do not have to ‘get up to speed’ before they work properly
Have a lower power consumption.
Run much cooler than HDDs, both these points again make them very suitable for laptop computers.
Are very thin, because they have no moving parts
Access data considerably faster.
Shorter longevity. More expensive.
Optical media: CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray discs
Use laser light to read/write surface of a disk.
DVDs and Blu-ray are used to supply of movies or games. CDs
Transfer files between computers.
Manufacturers supply their software on CDs and DVDs in read-only format.
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