ⅠLevel of CFA 组合
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"The ⅠLevel of CFA 组合 is a comprehensive set of resources designed for candidates preparing for the prestigious Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) exam. This package includes essential study materials such as mock exams, practice questions, and in-depth video lectures, all meticulously crafted by industry experts to help candidates develop a strong foundation in the various areas covered by the exam. With a primary focus on topics such as ethical and professional standards, quantitative methods, economics, financial reporting and analysis, corporate finance, equity investments, fixed income, derivatives, and portfolio management, the ⅠLevel of CFA 组合 ensures that candidates are well-equipped to tackle the challenging CFA exam and embark on a successful career in the finance industry."
作者其他创作
大纲/内容
M1:组合风险,收益1
资产的投资特征
收益
历史收益率
historical return = actual return = ex-post return
historical return = actual return = ex-post return
预期收益率
expected return = estimated return = ex-anti return
expected return = estimated return = ex-anti return
1 + E(R) = (1+rf) * E(infaltion) * [1 + E(riskPremium)]
预 real无风险收益率 预期通货 预期风险溢价
预 real无风险收益率 预期通货 预期风险溢价
标准差
偏度
负偏度
正偏度
正偏度好
峰度
峰度越大,极端收益概率越大
流动性
流动性越高越好
买卖价差 bid-ask spread 市场冲击 market impact
投诉者需求
风险态度
风险追求
risk seeking
risk seeking
maximize risk
风险中性
risk neutral
risk neutral
irrespective of risk 高风险,不看风险
风险厌恶~容忍度
risk averse
risk averse
minimize risk
效用理论
utility
相对满足感 relative satisfaction
utility
相对满足感 relative satisfaction
U = E(R) - 1/2A*σ^2
A >0 风险追求 (1-10,4)
E(R) 预期收益率
σ^2 收益率方差
A 风险厌恶程度
无差异曲线
无差异曲线
indifference curves
indifference curves
曲线向上(陡峭)
slope upwardly
slope upwardly
标记效用递减
diminishing marginal utility of return
diminishing marginal utility of return
投资组合供给
组合收益与风险(分散化)
组合收益率
portfolio return
portfolio return
Rp = w1R1 + (1-w1)R2
组合风险
Portfolio risk
Portfolio risk
需要考虑资产间收益相关性
return correlation
return correlation
Market value Cov(R1,R2) 收益率斜方差
相关
相关系数 e1.2 = Cov(1,2) / (σ1 * σ2)
完全正相关
perfectly correlated
perfectly correlated
e1.2 = 1
σp = w1σ1 + w2σ2
非完全正相关
less perfectly correlated
less perfectly correlated
e1.2 < 1
σp < w1σ1 + w2σ2
相关性越大,风险越小
correlation
correlation
有效前沿
投资可行集
investment opportunity
investment opportunity
最小方差前沿
minmum-variance frontier of risky assets
minmum-variance frontier of risky assets
1.相同收益,要风险最小
2.相同风险,要收益最大
全球最小方差组合
global minmum-variance portfolio
global minmum-variance portfolio
马克维茨有效前沿
efficient frontier of risky assets
efficient frontier of risky assets
above --- 不可获得 unattainable
below --- 无效 inefficient
资产配置线(最优资产配置线)
Capital allocation line :CAL
Capital allocation line :CAL
Rp = Rf + (Ri - Rf)/σi * σp
夏普比率 (Ri - Rf)/σi
夏普比率越高 CAL好
CAL 相切于 有效前沿
最有风险组合 X
最优组合选择
最优组合
最优投资者组合
optimal investor porfolio
optimal investor porfolio
最优风险组合
不同组合对比
两基金分离定理
two-fund sparation thorem
two-fund sparation thorem
M2:组合风险,收益2
资本市场理论
资本市场线
capital market line:CML --> a special CAL
capital market line:CML --> a special CAL
同预期假设
所有投资者相同预期 --> 相同有效前沿
homogeneous expectation
homogeneous expectation
市场组合定义
market portolio
market portolio
所有风险资产
all risky assets
all risky assets
充分分散化组合
fully diversified portolio
fully diversified portolio
风险类型
系统性风险:贝塔指数
systematic risk、non-diversifiable risk、market risk
systematic risk、non-diversifiable risk、market risk
利率、通胀、政策、经济、战争、灾害
贝塔β:资产收益率对市场收益率的敏感度 sensitive
βi = σ(i,m)* σi / σm
βi = σ(i,m)* σi / σm
非系统性风险
Nonsystematic risk、diversifiable risk、idiosyncratic risk(特异性)
Nonsystematic risk、diversifiable risk、idiosyncratic risk(特异性)
总方差 = 系统性方差 + 非系统性方差
汇报产生模型
多因子
multi-factor model
multi-factor model
E[R1] - Rf = βi,1*E[factor1] + βi,2*E[factor2] ...
βi,j 因子权重
factor weight、factor loadings
factor weight、factor loadings
E[factor]因子收益
宏观经济因子 、 基本面因子 、 统计
macroeconomic fundamental statistical
macroeconomic fundamental statistical
单因子
single-index
single-index
事前 E[Ri] - Rf = βi * [E(Rm - Rf)]
事后 Ri - Rf = βi *(Rm - Rf) + εi
εi 随机误差
σi^2 = βi^2 * σm^2 + σε^2
市场模型 Ri = σi βi*Rm + εi
资本资产定价理论
capital asset pricing model :CAPM
capital asset pricing model :CAPM
公式计算
资产收益率随β变化
资产收益率随β变化
E(Ri) = Rf + βi * [E(Rm) - Rf]
风险溢价 [E(Rm) - Rf]
Market risk premium MRP :S&P 500
Market risk premium MRP :S&P 500
Rf :T-bills
前提假设:缺陷
1.投资者:风险厌恶 risk-averse 效用最大化 utility-maximizing 理性 rational
2.投资者同质化预期信念
homogeneous expectations beliefs
homogeneous expectations beliefs
3.市场无摩擦 frictionless 资产无限可分 infinitely divisible 无成本税收
4.相同单一持有期
same single holding period
same single holding period
5.价格接受者
price takers
price takers
应用
证券市场线
security market line :SML
security market line :SML
截距 intercept Rf 为 风险收益率 risk-free rate
斜率 slope 为市场风险溢价 market risk premium
plots on SML --> 合理定价 properly priced
plots below SML --> 高估 overpriced
plots above SML --> 低估 underpriced
证券选择
业绩评估
performance evalution
performance evalution
度量 measurement --> 业绩what
归因 attribution --> 业绩how
评价 appraisal --> skill or lick
归因 attribution --> 业绩how
评价 appraisal --> skill or lick
指标
总风险指标
夏普比率 Sharpe ratio = (Rp - Rf) / σp
每单位总风险对应的风险溢价
total risk risk premium
total risk risk premium
投资者集中投资时使用,越大越好
M方 M-squared = (Rp - Rf) / σp *σm + Rf = Sr * σm + Rf
系统性风险指标
特雷诺比率 Treynor ratio = (Rp - Rf) / βp
每单位系统性风险对应的风险溢价
systematic risk risk premium
systematic risk risk premium
投资者分散化投资使用,越大越好
well diversified portfolio
well diversified portfolio
詹森阿尔法 Jensen's alpha : αp = Rp - [Rf + βp * (Rm - Rf)]
错误定价
错误定价
[Rf + βp * (Rm - Rf)] --> CAPM 资本资产定价模型
α > 0 优于市场
α < 0 弱于市场
α < 0 弱于市场
证券特征线
security characteristic line : SCL
security characteristic line : SCL
Ri - Rf --> 证券超额收益
Rm - Rf --> 市场超额收益
截距 intercept 为Jensen's α
斜率 slope 为贝塔β
M3:组合管理:概述
资产管理行业
分类
买方 buy-side 卖方 sell-side
主动管理 active management --> 跑赢基准 outperform benchmarks
被动管理 passive management --> 复制指数收益 replicate the return of a index
被动管理 passive management --> 复制指数收益 replicate the return of a index
传统 traditional 另类 alternative
私有的 privately owned
趋势
增长的被动投资
growth of passive investing
growth of passive investing
大数据使用
智能投顾
robo-advisers
robo-advisers
投资组合法
protfolio approach
protfolio approach
分散化
diversification
diversification
1.避免灾难性投资后果 disastrous investment outcomes
2.同等预期收益,降低收益波动率
分散化比率
diversification ratio
diversification ratio
等权重组合的风险/成分证券风险平均
组合管理流程
计划
planing step
planing step
了解客户
目标 objectives 限制 constraints
目标 objectives 限制 constraints
制度IPS
制定 investment policy statement : IPS
IPS 明确业绩基准 benchmark
IPS定期更新
执行
execution step
execution step
1.资产配置
asset allocation
asset allocation
2.证券分析
security analysis
security analysis
3.组合构建
portfolio construction --> risk management trading
portfolio construction --> risk management trading
反馈
feedback step
feedback step
1.组合监控再平衡
monitoring and rebalancing
monitoring and rebalancing
2.业绩评估报告
performance evaluation and reporting
performance evaluation and reporting
投资者类型
个人
个人
DC计划 :缴费确定性养老金计划
defined contribution pension plans : DC
defined contribution pension plans : DC
employee accepts the nvestment and inflation risk : 员工决策
机构
DB计划:收益确定性
defined benefit pension plans : DB
defined benefit pension plans : DB
公司支持
company-sponsored
company-sponsored
提供员工预先确定的退休金
predefined benefit
predefined benefit
员工承担风险
雇主决策
捐赠基金和基金会
endounments and foundations 免税
endounments and foundations 免税
非营利性质
non-porfit
non-porfit
永久运行
perpetual lives
perpetual lives
满足日常开销,并同时维持真是资本价值
supporting spending needs,maintain real capital value
supporting spending needs,maintain real capital value
银行
accept deposits and lend money
accept deposits and lend money
超额准备金 : 短期固收产品
excess reserves
excess reserves
最需要流动性
liquidity
liquidity
保险公司
insurance companies
insurance companies
保费 : 投资应对未来索赔
premium
premium
一般账户:保守 固收
general account
general account
盈余账户:激进 高风险
surplus account
surplus account
寿险公司 财产 意外险
主权财富基金 :规模极大
sovereign wealth funds
sovereign wealth funds
集合投资
共同基金 :混合投资池
mutual fund :comingled investment pool
mutual fund :comingled investment pool
开放 vs 封闭
开放式基金:按照基金净值NAV申购(creation)赎回(redemption)
open-end fund
open-end fund
需保持部分现金头寸应对赎回,无法全额投资
not fully invested
not fully invested
封闭式基金:已有份额(existing shares)可以在二级市场流动
close-end fund
close-end fund
相对NAV可能出现折溢价
premium or discount
premium or discount
可以全额投资
fully invested
fully invested
免佣 vs 有佣
免佣基金:有管理费无申赎费
no-load funds
no-load funds
有佣基金
load funds
load funds
标的
货币市场基金
money market funds
money market funds
短期国债
T-bills
T-bills
存单
certificates of deposit
certificates of deposit
商票
commercial paper
commercial paper
债券基金
bond mutual fund
bond mutual fund
股票基金:主动、被动
stock mutual fund
stock mutual fund
混合基金
hybrid fund or balance fund
hybrid fund or balance fund
基金的每个投资者按比例(pro-rate)享有收入和价值
基金净值(net asset value,NAV)通过证券每日收盘价(closing price)而得
基金净值(net asset value,NAV)通过证券每日收盘价(closing price)而得
低门槛 low investment minimums
分散化 diversified portfolios
每日申赎 daily liquidity
标准化 standardzation
分散化 diversified portfolios
每日申赎 daily liquidity
标准化 standardzation
交易所交易基金:可每日申赎,可二级市场交易
ETF exchange-taded
ETF exchange-taded
1.实物in-kind申赎
2.价格close to NAV (基金净值)
基金专户 :定制化custonized 贵
separately managed account (SMA)
separately managed account (SMA)
对冲基金
hedge fund
hedge fund
杠杆 leverage
做空 short
绝对收益 absolute return
做空 short
绝对收益 absolute return
私募股权
private equity
private equity
收购基金 buyout funds
风投基金 venturn capital fund
风投基金 venturn capital fund
M4:组合管理计划
投资目标
收益目标
return objective
return objective
绝对收益
absolute return
absolute return
相对收益(比变)
relative return
relative return
名义收益 nominal
实际收益 real (除通胀)
实际收益 real (除通胀)
风险目标
risk objective
risk objective
风险承受能力
绝对、相比(追踪误差tracking error 不超过5%)
风险度容忍 risk tolerance由投资者的风险承受能力(客观objective)ability to bear risk
和风险承受意愿(主观subjective)willingness to take risk共同决定
和风险承受意愿(主观subjective)willingness to take risk共同决定
风险承受意愿
选更低
IPS
宗旨声明 statement of purpose
责任义务声明 statement of duties and responsibilities
托管人 custodian
规程 procedures:IPS更新流程和应急方案 respond tocontingencies
投资目标 investment objectives:RR
投资约束 investment constrains
投资指南 guidelines
责任义务声明 statement of duties and responsibilities
托管人 custodian
规程 procedures:IPS更新流程和应急方案 respond tocontingencies
投资目标 investment objectives:RR
投资约束 investment constrains
投资指南 guidelines
投资约束
investment constraints
investment constraints
投资期限
time horizon
time horizon
税务考量:capital tax < income tax
tax concerns
tax concerns
流动性需求
liquidity requirement
liquidity requirement
法律及监管:self-investment limit
legal and regulatory factors
legal and regulatory factors
独特需求:包括ESG考量
unique
unique
战略资产配置:SAA
strategic asset allocation
strategic asset allocation
资产类别划分:指数、MSCI...
内部同质化
资产类别内部资产互相间 相关性高high correlation within an asset class
互相差异化
属于不同资产类别资产间 相关性低low correlation between asset classes
互斥
资产类别互相间 互斥mutually exclusive
遍历
资产类别集合应包含 大部分可投资资产
资本市场预期:Unique会影响
capital market expectation
capital market expectation
再平衡:均值方差最优化 mean-variance optimization
rebalancing
rebalancing
战术资产配置:类别层面主动管理
security selection
security selection
有意偏离(deliberately deviate)战略资产对应敞口,通过资产类别短期(near-term)
预测创造额外价值(add value)
预测创造额外价值(add value)
证券选择:类别内部主动管理
security selection
security selection
风险预算 risk budgeting
风险平价 risk parity:策略要求每个资产类别贡献的风险一样(same risk contribution)
风险平价 risk parity:策略要求每个资产类别贡献的风险一样(same risk contribution)
M5:个人行为偏差
微观行为金融
认知错误:错误的认知推理(cognitive reasoning)
cognitive errors
cognitive errors
信念固执偏差:RICCH
belief perseverance biases
belief perseverance biases
代表性
representativeness
representativeness
定义:以偏概全偷小懒
the tendency to classify new information(分类新信息) based on past experiences and classifications(过去的经验和分类)
the tendency to classify new information(分类新信息) based on past experiences and classifications(过去的经验和分类)
金融市场参与者FMP
基础概率忽视
base-rate neglect
base-rate neglect
样本概率忽视
sample-rate neglect
sample-rate neglect
后果
consequences
consequences
避免认知成本(cognitive cost)所带来的心理压力(mental stress)
控制幻觉
illusion of control
illusion of control
定义:错误认为
believe they can control or influence portfolios(控制成果)
believe they can control or influence portfolios(控制成果)
后果
不适当分散化
inadequately diversify portfolios
inadequately diversify portfolios
交易过于频繁
trade too much
trade too much
分析过于细致
overly detailed
overly detailed
保守性
conservatism
conservatism
定义:不吸收新的,维持原观点
people maintain their prior views of forecasts by inadequately incorporately new conflicting information
people maintain their prior views of forecasts by inadequately incorporately new conflicting information
后果
过于坚持,更新过慢
maintain、slow to update
maintain、slow to update
认知成本 cognitive 越高越保守
确认性
confirmation
confirmation
定义:找自己喜欢,忽略自己讨厌
后果
缺乏合理筛选标准
screening criteria
screening criteria
分散化不足:一个公司持有股票过高
under-diversify
under-diversify
后见之明
Hindsight
Hindsight
定义:倾向于相信过去的时间可以预测
后果
高估预测准确度
overestmate
overestmate
不公平评估投资经理业绩表现
unfairly assess
unfairly assess
(信息)处理错误:FAMA
框定偏差
framing
framing
定义:相同问法,不同回答
后果
错误的识别风险容忍度
misdentify risk tolerances
misdentify risk tolerances
过度关注短期价格波动
short-term price fluctuations
short-term price fluctuations
铆钉偏差
anchoring and adjustment
anchoring and adjustment
定义:以来最初信息来做后续估计
initial piece of information
initial piece of information
初始默认值 initial default number
锚 anchor
锚 anchor
后果
调整不足
adjust insufficiently
adjust insufficiently
过于拘泥最初的估计
stick too closing to their original estimates
stick too closing to their original estimates
心理账户偏差
mental accounting
mental accounting
定义:把可替代基金心理上分别不同账户(来源、用途)
导致以分层金字塔形式(layered pyramid format)构建组合
每一层对应特定财务目标
每一层对应特定财务目标
后果
忽视低相关资产可以减低风险
不理性对待收益(income)和资本价值(capital appreciation)
不理性对待本金(principal)和回报(returns)
易得性偏差
availability
availability
定义:回忆信息难易度估计会发生可能性/结果重要性
来源:可回收性(retrievabiility)、分类(categorization)
经验有限(narrow range of experience)、共鸣(resonance)
后果
有限的投资可行集
limited investment opportunity set
limited investment opportunity set
广告新闻数量投资
分散化不足
fail to diversity
fail to diversity
情感偏差:冲动、直觉(impulses、intuitions):LOSSER
emotional biases
emotional biases
损失厌恶偏差
loss-aversion
loss-aversion
定义:损失的痛苦超过同样金额盈利带来的快乐,盈利时风险厌恶,损失时风险追求
strongly prefer avoiding losses to achieving gains
strongly prefer avoiding losses to achieving gains
后果
持有亏损头寸过久
卖出盈利头寸过早
处置效应
disposition effect
disposition effect
过度自信偏差
overconfidence
overconfidence
定义:毫无根据的信心 --> 自我归因偏差self-attribution bias
自我增强:把成功归于自己
self-enhancing
self-enhancing
自我保护:把失败推给别人
self-protecting
self-protecting
预测(prediction)过于自信
确定性(certainty)过于自信
确定性(certainty)过于自信
后果
低估风险
underestimate risks
underestimate risks
高估收益
overestimate expected
overestimate expected
分散化不足
poorly diversified
poorly diversified
自控不足偏差
self-control
self-control
短期满足
后果
储蓄不足
save insufficiently
save insufficiently
过度贷款
borrow excessively
borrow excessively
安于现状偏差
status quo
status quo
什么都不做:懒
后果:不探索(explore)其他机会
禀赋效应偏差
endowment
endowment
情人出西施
无法卖出资产、持续持有熟悉(familiar)资产
后悔厌恶偏差
regret-aversion
regret-aversion
避免做决定,害怕坏结果:做了什么而后悔
过于保守(too conservative)、羊群效应
宏观行为金融
市场异常行为
market anomalies
market anomalies
异常:可通过持续可预测超额收益来识别
anomalies:persisitent predictable abnormal return
anomalies:persisitent predictable abnormal return
资产定价模型选择错误
choice of asset pricing model
choice of asset pricing model
统计原因
样本小、幸存者偏差
survivorship bias
survivorship bias
数据挖掘
date mining
date mining
市场暂时失衡
emporary disequilibrium behavior
emporary disequilibrium behavior
常见市场异常
动量异常
长期反应过度
易得性偏差
后见之明偏差
短期反应过度
损失厌恶偏差
泡沫与崩溃
确定性偏差 --> 不听反话
自我归因 --> 过度自信、后见之明、后悔厌恶
价值异常:价值股长期由于成长股 --> 过度自信
光环效应 halo effect --> 代表性偏差
光环效应 halo effect --> 代表性偏差
本土偏好异常
domestic securities
domestic securities
M6:风险管理基础
基础定义
风险
风险敞口:承担风险的程度(extent)
risk exposure
risk exposure
风险管理流程
overall enterprise
overall enterprise
定义
define
define
衡量
measures
measures
调整
adjusts
adjusts
目标最大化
风险管理框架
风险治理
risk governence
risk governence
风险基础设施
risk infrastructure(people、system)
risk infrastructure(people、system)
政策和流程
风险监控
风险识别
金融
financial risk
financial risk
市场
market risk
market risk
利率、股票价格、汇率、商品价格变动
信用
赖账(债券、贷款、衍生)
流动性
快速足额变现 --> 大幅下调估值
非金融
non-financial risk
non-financial risk
结算
settlement
settlement
付款结算问题
法务
legal
legal
被起诉
being sued
being sued
合规
compliance
compliance
监管 regulatory
会计 accounting
税务 tax
会计 accounting
税务 tax
模型
model
model
错误使用模型
improperly using a model
improperly using a model
尾部
tail
tail
极端风险
操作
operational
operational
偿付
solvency
solvency
耗尽现金流
run out of cash
run out of cash
风险的相互作用
interaction of risks
interaction of risks
不会独立出现
arise independently
arise independently
在受压市场会尤为明显
stressed market conditions
stressed market conditions
风险度量
市场风险度量
measurement of market risk
measurement of market risk
标准差
standard deviation
standard deviation
贝塔
概率
probability
probability
敏感度
sensitivity
sensitivity
在险价值
value at risk :VaR
value at risk :VaR
给定概率和期限的最小损失
minimum amount of loss
minimum amount of loss
条件在险价值 CVaR
信用风险度量
信用评级
财务指标
违约概率、违约损失率
风险修正
风险避免
prevention & avoidence
prevention & avoidence
风险接受
acceptance
acceptance
风险转移
transfer
transfer
风险变换
shifting
shifting
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